====== Scores ====== //[[J.Sales-Llopis]]// //Neurosurgery Department, [[General University Hospital Alicante]], [[Spain]]// ---- ---- Now more than ever, we need simple, reliable, and reproducible [[score]]s, [[grade]]s, and [[classification]]s to assist us in the surgical [[decision making]], to assess patients' clinical [[evolution]], and to conduct proper neurosurgical research. Beucler conducted a three stage scoping review: (1) identification of sections of interest: brain trauma, tumor, vascular, infection, stroke, functional outcome (2) identification of the most common diseases within each section, (3) they retained every [[score]], [[scale]], [[classification]] that is internationally recognized and/or highly cited and/or used daily in clinical practice or research setting and/or that is currently used by the author. 23 scores were retained. They provide a non-exhaustive list of 23 reference scales, scores, and classifications that can be safely used for cranial neurosurgery clinical practice and research ((Beucler N. Highly cited scores, scoring systems, grading systems, and classifications of daily use in cranial neurosurgery: A must-have during residency training! A mini-review. Neurochirurgie. 2025 Feb 12;71(3):101646. doi: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2025.101646. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39947122.)) ---- ===== Brain trauma section ===== [[Glasgow coma scale]] (1974), [[Glasgow Liège scale]] (1982), [[SHE score]] (2019), [[RASH score]] (2022). ---- ===== Tumor section ===== [[Karnofsky Performance status]] (1948), [[Graded Prognostic Assessment]] (2008), [[Simpson Grading System]] (1957), [[Sindou Grading System]] (2006), [[House-Brackmann score]] (1983), [[Koos grading scale]] (1993), [[Knosp Grade]] (1993). ---- ===== Vascular section ===== [[PHASES score]] (2014), [[Unruptured intracranial aneurysm treatment score]] (2015), [[Hunt and Hess Stroke Scale]] (1968), [[Fisher scale]] (1980), [[World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies grading for subarachnoid hemorrhage]] (1988), [[Spetzler-Martin AVM grading system]] (1986), [[Borden classification]] (1995), [[Cognard classification]] (1995), [[Zabramski classification]] (1995). ---- ===== Stroke section ===== [[ICH score]] (2001), [[NIHSS]] (1989). ---- ===== Functional outcome section ===== [[Modified Rankin Scale]] (1957). ---- The utility of grading [[scale]]s lies in the simplification of complex management decisions into an [[algorithm]] for which certain characteristics of patient and lesion may be correlated with treatment outcomes. An ideal scale or score should be one that is quantifiable, valid, sensitive, responsive and easy to perform, has high inter/intra-rater reliability, internal consistency and a suitable distribution, and is one-dimensional and relevant. https://www.mdcalc.com/calc/10043/hamilton-depression-rating-scale-ham-d ---- ---- ====Coma==== Cerebral Performance Category Neurol outcome after cardiac arrest Children's Coma Scale Consciousness in children < 4y [[FOUR Full Outline of UnResponsiveness Score]] [[Glasgow Coma Scale]] Consciousness levels (EMV score) RASS Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale Ramsey Sedation Scale Sedation score for ICU Developmental ETV success score Hydrocephalus Galassi classification Arachnoid cysts ILAE FCD classification Focal cortical dysplasias Palmini classification Focal cortical dysplasias Pang classification Diastematomyelia ====Epilepsy==== Bluemcke classification Mesial temporal sclerosis Engel class Epilepsy surgery outcome ILAE epilepsy surgery Seizure outcome Wyler scale Hippocampal sclerosis ====General==== [[APACHE]] ACC / AHA staging system Heart failure [[ASA]] class Presurgical condition for anesthesia BNI Facial Numbness Scale Facial numbness (trigeminal nerve) BNI Pain Intensity Score Facial pain (trigeminal nerve) GOLD criteria COPD severity [[Glasgow Outcome Scale]] Outcome after severe brain damage Hoehn & Yahr Parkinson's disease staging Karnofsky Clinical performance status [[LeFort fracture]]s Maxillary fractures Mallampati Oral anatomy for intubation McGill Pain Score General pain assessment NYHA classification Heart failure Steinbrocker's grade Functional disability in rheuma ====Infections==== MRC staging Tuberculosis meningitis ====Motor system==== [[ASIA impairment scale]] Impairment in spinal cord injury EDSS Multiple sclerosis [[Frankel grade]] Spinal cord function House-Brackmann Facial nerve function MRC scale Scoring of muscle strength Modified Ashworth scale Assessment of spasticity Penn spasm frequency scale Spasticity assessment Spasm frequency score Spasticity assessment Tardieu scale Assessment of spasticity Peripheral nerves Gilbert shoulder classification Brachial plexus injury Mallet classification Recovery after brachial plexus injury [[McGowan classification]] Ulnar nerve injury [[Seddon Sunderland classification]] Nerve injury ====Spine==== [[Anand classification]] Thoracic disc disease [[Brice-McKissock classification]] Spinal cord function with spine mets [[Myelopathy Disability Index]] [[Macnab criteria]] Spinal instability [[MacNab scale score]] [[Modic classification]] Vertebral endplate and marrow changes [[Nurick scale]] Cervical spondylotic myelopathy [[Ranawat classification]] Cervical spondylotic myelopathy [[Roussouly classification]] Lumbar lordosis [[Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score]] (SINS) [[SRS-Schwab classification]] Adult spinal deformity [[White-Panjabi classification]] Spinal instability ====Trauma==== Abbrev'd Injury Scale (AIS) Scoring items for ISS Adams DAI grades Diffuse Axonal Injury Injury Severity Score (ISS) Overall score for multitrauma Marshall classification CT abnormalities in brain trauma Papilledema grades [[Funduscopy]] findings [[Rotterdam CT score]] CT abnormalities in brain trauma ---- [[Neurotrauma pediatric scale]]s. ====Trauma-Spine==== Anderson-D'Alonzo C2 (odontoid) fractures Anderson-Montesano classification Occipital condyle fractures Benzel classification C2 body fractures Canadian C-Spine Rule Indication for posttraumatic C-spine radiography Denis classification Sacral injuries Fielding-Hawkins classification Atlanto-axial instability Levine-Edwards C2-C3 traumatic spondylolisthesis (Hangman's #) [[AOSpine thoracolumbar spine injury classification system]] Thoracolumbar spine trauma NEXUS Posttraumatic C-spine radiography Power's ratio Atlanto-occipital dislocation Rule of Spence C1 (Jefferson) fractures SLICS [[Subaxial cervical spine injury]] TLICS Thoracolumbar spine injury Traynelis classification Atlanto-occipital dislocation Tuli C0 (occipital condylar) fractures ====Tumor==== Berger-Sanai classification Insular glioma CLASS scale Meningioma surgery Chang score Cerebellar medulloblastoma Fisch classification Glomus jugulare tumors (temporal) Glasscock-Jackon classification Glomus jugulare tumors Kadish stages Aesthesioneuroblastoma prognosis Kassam classification Craniopharyngioma endonasal approach McCormick classification Intramedullary spinal cord tumors Modified Jackson Glomus tumors classification Pignatti score Low-grade glioma survival prognosis Play-performance scale Clinical performance in childhood cancer Simpson grade Extent of surgical meningeoma resection Wilson-Hardy classification pituitary neuroendocrine tumor ====Tumor-Spine==== Enneking classification Primary spinal tumors GSTSG classification Metastatic spine tumor Harrington classification Metastatic spine tumor description McLain-Weinstein classification Metastatic spine tumors [[Modifed Bauer score]] Metastatic spine tumor prognosis [[Patchell criteria]] Metastatic epidural spinal cord compression SINS Spine Instability Neoplastic Score Tokuhashi score Metastatic spine tumor prognosis [[Tomita score]] Surgical strategy for spinal metastases Van der Linden score Metastatic spine tumor prognosis [[Weinstein Boriani Biagini classification]] Metastatic spine tumor ====Vascular==== ABCD2 score Stroke risk after TIA ASPECTS score CT ischemic hypodensity Barthel Index Basic activity performance after stroke Blunt carotid artery injury Stroke prediction [[Borden classification]] Dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVF) Borden classification Spinal dural AVF CHA2DS2-VASc score Stroke risk in atrial fibrillation CHADS2 score Stroke risk for nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation [[Cognard classification]] Dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVF) [[Debrun classification]] [[Carotid cavernous fistula]] DiChiro-Dopmann classification Spinal dural AVF [[Fisher scale]] CT-based vasospasm risk after SAH Graeb score Intraventricular hematoma HAS-BLED Risk for major bleeding in AF Hijdra score Amount of blood on CT after SAH [[Hunt and Hess Stroke Scale]] Subarachnoid hemorrhage [[ICH score]] Risk stratification for [[intracerebral hematoma]] IVH score Intraventricular hematoma Lasjaunias classification Vein of Galen malformations [[LeRoux score]] Intraventricular hematoma MGH (Ogilvy) grade Outcome after aneurysm treatment [[Markwalder grading score]] Chronic subdural hematoma Modified Fisher scale Symptomatic vasospasm [[Modified Rankin Scale]] Disability scale after stroke NIHSS Stroke severity [[PHASES score]] 5yr aneurysm rupture [[Papile-Burstein classification]] Intraventricular hemorrhage Pollock-Flickinger score AVM grading for radiosurgery [[Spetzler-Martin AVM grading system]] (1986) Spetzler-Ponce classification AVM grading and treatment (2010) WFNS SAH grading Subarachnoid hemorrhage Yasargil classification Vein of Galen malformations ====Mental disorder==== [[Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale]] ==== Dystonia ==== [[Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale]]. http://neurodss.com