====== Scalp traumatic pseudoaneurysm ======

[[Pseudoaneurysm]]s have classically been repaired by surgery. Recently, however, several alternatives have become available, and have been used due to the invasiveness of surgical repair 
((Kang SS, Labropoulos N, Mansour MA, Baker WH. Percutaneous ultrasound guided thrombin injection: a new method for treating postcatheterization femoral pseudoaneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 1998;27:1032–1038.))
((Paulson EK, Sheafor DH, Kliewer MA, Nelson RC, Eisenberg LB, Sebastian MW, et al. Treatment of iatrogenic femoral arterial pseudoaneurysms: comparison of US-guided thrombin injection with compression repair. Radiology. 2000;215:403–408.)).

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Eleven cases of traumatic [[external carotid artery]] branch [[pseudoaneurysm]]s were admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of [[Jiaxing]] University. [[Digital subtraction angiography]] was performed in all patients. It revealed that the pseudoaneurysms originated from the [[internal maxillary artery]] in 5 cases, a [[superficial temporal artery]] in 5 cases, and [[occipital artery]] in 1 case. Five cases of [[internal maxillary artery pseudoaneurysm]]s and 2 cases of [[superficial temporal artery pseudoaneurysm]]s were treated by embolization; the other 3 cases were surgically resected.

Complete cessation of nasal bleeding was achieved in all 5 pseudoaneurysms of the internal maxillary artery after the endovascular therapies. Scalp bleeding stopped and scalp defect healed up in 2 patients with superficial temporal artery pseudoaneurysms treated by interventional therapy. All patients were followed up for 0.5-2.0 years without recurrence of nosebleed and scalp lump.

For patients with repeated severe [[epistaxis]], after [[craniocerebral injury]], [[digital subtraction angiography]] should be performed as soon as possible to confirm a traumatic pseudoaneurysm. [[Endovascular therapy]] is an effective method for [[traumatic internal maxillary artery pseudoaneurysm]]s. For patients with scalp injuries and pulsatile [[lump]]s, further examinations including digital subtraction angiography should be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Surgical treatment or endovascular therapy for [[scalp]] [[traumatic pseudoaneurysm]] is effective
((Wang GH, Shen HP, Chu ZM, Shen JG, Zhou HH. [[Traumatic pseudoaneurysm]]s of [[external carotid artery]] branch: [[Case series]] and [[treatment]] considerations. Chin J Traumatol. 2021 Apr 21:S1008-1275(21)00059-6. doi: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2021.04.003. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33941432.)).