==== Robust evidence ====

**Robust evidence** refers to high-quality, reliable, and reproducible data that support a scientific claim or clinical intervention. It is typically generated through well-designed studies with appropriate methodology, adequate sample size, statistical validity, and peer-reviewed publication.

In [[neurosurgery]], robust evidence often comes from:

  * [[Randomized controlled trials (RCTs)]]
  * [[Systematic reviews]] and [[meta-analyses]]
  * Large-scale prospective cohort studies with clearly defined outcomes
  * Studies demonstrating [[clinical effectiveness]], [[patient safety]], and long-term impact

Robust evidence stands in contrast to anecdotal reports, [[narrative reviews]], or descriptive [[aesthetic showcases]] that lack control groups, quantification, or generalizability. It forms the foundation for [[evidence-based practice]] and is essential before recommending [[widespread adoption]] of new techniques or technologies.