======  Richardson syndrome ======
Richardson syndrome, consisting of [[gait]] and [[balance]] [[impairment]], a wide-eyed staring facial expression, abnormal [[speech]], [[memory]] and cognitive impairment and a slowing or loss of voluntary eye movement, particularly in the downward direction (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia).
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Patients with pathologically verified [[neurodegenerative disease]]s, such as [[progressive supranuclear palsy]] (PSP), have received antemortem diagnoses of [[Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus]].

A study presents clinical and pathological features of a patient with pathologically verified corticobasal degeneration (CBD) coexisting with clinically shunt-responsive NPH.

Saitoh et al. performed clinical, radiological, and pathological evaluations in a patient with CBD whose antemortem diagnosis was PSP Richardson's syndrome (PSP-RS) coexisting with shunt-responsive NPH.

A 59-year-old woman developed bradykinesia and gait instability and then frequent falls, urinary incontinence, and supranuclear vertical gaze palsy followed. At 63 years of age, her gait disturbance and urinary incontinence had deteriorated rapidly, and cognitive impairment was disclosed. There were typical findings of NPH with ventriculomegaly and disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus as well as a 2-layer appearance with decreased and increased cerebral blood perfusion. Shunt placement ameliorated gait instability for more than 1 year and improved radiological indicators of NPH. However, atrophy of the midbrain progressed with time after transient increases in size. Although the antemortem diagnosis was probable PSP-RS, pathological evaluation verified CBD. There were severe discontinuities of the ependymal lining of the lateral ventricles and subependymal rarefaction and gliosis with tau-positive deposition.

[[Shunt surgery]] could ameliorate NPH symptoms in patients with [[Four-repeat tauopathies]]. Careful assessments of clinical findings are necessary to predict the benefits of shunts as a therapeutic option for patients with neurodegenerative diseases coexisting with [[Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus]]
((Saitoh Y, Iwasaki M, Mizutani M, Kimura Y, Hasegawa M, Sato N, Takao M, Takahashi Y. Pathologically Verified Corticobasal Degeneration Mimicking Richardson's Syndrome Coexisting with Clinically and Radiologically Shunt-Responsive [[Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus]]. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2022 Apr 12;9(4):508-515. doi: 10.1002/mdc3.13442. PMID: 35582317; PMCID: PMC9092758.)).