====== Pyogenic ventriculitis ======

Pyogenic [[ventriculitis]] (PV) is a rare, severe, and debilitating [[intracranial infection]] due to [[inflammation]] of the ventricular [[ependyma]]l lining and is associated with pus in the [[ventricular system]]
((Jung GW, Parkins MD, Church D. Pyogenic ventriculitis complicating Aggregatibacter aphrophilus infective endocarditis: A case report and literature review. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2009 Fall;20(3):e107-9. doi: 10.1155/2009/971735. PMID: 20808450; PMCID: PMC2770311.))

This [[infection]] can lead to [[hydrocephalus]] and [[death]] if not promptly recognized and treated. PV is synonymous with [[pyogenic intraventricular empyema]] (PIE), [[pyogenic ependymitis]], and [[pyocephalus]].
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Most cases are caused by intraventricular rupture of [[cerebral abscess]] and direct implantation of pathogens following head injury and neurosurgical procedures, e.g., ventricular drain insertion
((Humphreys H, Jenks P (2015) Surveillance and management of
ventriculitis following neurosurgery. J Hosp Infect 89(4):281–286)).

The commonest organisms causing pyogenic ventriculitis are Staphylococcus aureus, other Gram-positive cocci, Enterobacter and Klebsiella species, in association with nosocomial infection or immunosuppression
((Fujikawa A, Tsuchiya K, Honya K, Nitatori T (2006) Comparison of
MRI sequences to detect ventriculitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 187(4):
1048–1053))
((Fukui MB, Williams RL, Mudigonda S (2001) CT and MR imaging
features of pyogenic ventriculitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22:1510–
1516)).

In the series of Wang et al., the most frequently isolated pathogen from [[cerebrospinal fluid]] (CSF) was [[Acinetobacter baumannii]], followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Serratia marcescens
((Wang JH, Lin PC, Chou CH, Ho CM, Lin KH, Tsai CT, Wang JH, Chi CY, Ho MW.
Intraventricular antimicrobial therapy in postneurosurgical Gram-negative
bacillary meningitis or ventriculitis: a hospital-based retrospective study. J
Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2014 Jun;47(3):204-10. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2012.08.028.
Epub 2012 Nov 30. PubMed PMID: 23201321.
)).

[[Acinetobacter baumannii]] is an important cause of nosocomial ventriculitis associated with [[external ventricular drainage]] (EVD) and have substantially increased over recent years 
((Hoenigl M, Drescher M, Feierl G, Valentin T, Zarfel G, Seeber K, Krause R,
Grisold A. Successful management of nosocomial ventriculitis and meningitis
caused by extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Austria. Can J
Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2013 Fall;24(3):e88-90. PubMed PMID: 24421838.)).

see [[Acinetobacter baumannii ventriculitis]].