==== Preoperative planning ====

**Preoperative planning** refers to the structured process of evaluating and preparing for a surgical procedure before it takes place. It involves the analysis of diagnostic imaging, anatomical considerations, surgical risks, and the selection of optimal approaches and tools. 

In [[neurosurgery]], preoperative planning is critical for minimizing complications, preserving neurological function, and tailoring the intervention to the patient's unique [[neuroanatomy]]—especially in complex cases such as [[brain tumor]], [[vascular malformation]], or [[spinal pathology]].

New technologies like [[3D virtual reality]] and [[3D printing]] have enhanced preoperative planning by enabling realistic rehearsals and improved spatial understanding.