====== Pneumocephalus clinical features ======

[[Pneumocephalus]] may be a causative factor for post-[[craniotomy]] pain and [[headache]] with surgical injuries
((Kim TK, Yoon JR, Kim YS, Choi Y, Han S, Jung J, Park IS. [[Pneumocephalus]] and [[headache]] following [[craniotomy]] during the immediate [[postoperative]] period. BMC Surg. 2022 Jun 29;22(1):252. doi: 10.1186/s12893-022-01701-0. PMID: 35768812.)).
----
Clinical presentation includes [[headache]]s in 38 %, [[nausea]] and [[vomiting]], [[seizure]]s, [[hemiparesis]], [[dizziness]], [[obtundation]] and depressed neurological status
((Markham JW. The clinical features of pneumocephalus based upon a survey of 284
cases with report of 11 additional cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1967;16(1):1-78.
PubMed PMID: 6032371.
)).
----
An intracranial succussion splash is a rare (occurring in ≈ 7%) but pathognomonic finding. 
[[Tension pneumocephalus]] may additionally cause signs and symptoms just as any mass (may cause focal deficit or increased ICP).



A minority of patients describe 'bruit hydro-aerique' (a splashing noise on head movement, equivalent to the succussion splash of pyloric stenosis) 
(( Zasler ND, Katz DI, Zafonte RD. Brain Injury Medicine, Principles And Practice. Demos Medical Publishing. (2007) ISBN:1888799935.)).

This noise may also be audible to the examiner with the aid of a stethoscope. 
----
[[Patient]]s often report sounds in the [[head]] after [[craniotomy]]. 

In a prospective [[observational study]] of patients undergoing [[craniotomy]] with [[dura]]l opening. Eligible patients completed a questionnaire preoperatively and daily after surgery until discharge. Subjects were followed up at 14 days with a telephone consultation.

One hundred fifty-one patients with various pathologies were included. Of these, 47 (31 %) reported hearing [[sound]]s in their head, lasting an average 4-6 days (median, 4 days, mean, 6 days, range, 1-14 days). The peak onset was the first postoperative day and the most commonly used descriptors were 'clicking' [20/47 (43 %)] and 'fluid moving' in the head [9/47 (19 %)]. A significant proportion (42 %, 32/77) without a [[wound]] [[drainage]] experienced intracranial sounds compared to those with a drain (20 %, 15/74, p < 0.01); there was no difference between suction and gravity drains. Approximately a third of the patients in both groups (post-craniotomy sounds group: 36 %, 17/47; group not reporting sounds: 31 %, 32/104), had postoperative CT scans for unrelated reasons: 73 % (8/11) of those with [[pneumocephalus]] experienced intracranial sounds, compared to 24 % (9/38) of those without pneumocephalus (p < 0.01). There was no significant association with craniotomy site or size, temporal bone drilling, bone flap replacement, or filling of the surgical cavity with fluid.

Sounds in the head after cranial surgery are common, affecting 31 % of patients. This is the first study into this subject, and provides valuable information useful for consenting patients. The data suggest [[pneumocephalus]] as a plausible explanation with which to reassure patients, rather than relying on anecdotal evidence, as has been the case to date
((Sivasubramaniam V, Alg VS, Frantzias J, Acharya SY, Papadopoulos MC, Martin
AJ. 'Noises in the head': a prospective study to characterize intracranial sounds
after cranial surgery. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2016 Aug;158(8):1429-35. doi:
10.1007/s00701-016-2872-7. Epub 2016 Jun 21. PubMed PMID: 27328839.
)).

----
Rapid neurologic deterioration following craniofacial resection may be caused by the development of [[tension pneumocephalus]]
((Yates H, Hamill M, Borel CO, Toung TJ. Incidence and perioperative management 
of tension pneumocephalus following craniofacial resection. J Neurosurg
Anesthesiol. 1994 Jan;6(1):15-20. PubMed PMID: 8298259.)).