====== Penetrating non missile intracranial injury ======
see also [[Pediatric non missile penetrating head injury]].

Non [[missile]] [[penetrating intracranial injury]] is uncommon in modern times. Most reported cases describe trajectories through the orbit, skull base foramina, or areas of thin bone such as the temporal squama. Patients who survive such injuries and come to medical attention often require foreign body removal. Critical neurovascular structures are often damaged or at risk of additional injury resulting in further neurological deterioration, life-threatening hemorrhage, or death. Delayed complications can also be significant and include traumatic pseudoaneurysms, arteriovenous fistulas, vasospasm, cerebrospinal fluid leak, and infection. Despite this, given the rarity of these lesions, there is a paucity of literature describing the management of neurovascular injury and skull base repair in this setting. 

They show specific characteristics different from missile wounds. 

It is essential to exclude penetrating brain trauma whenever a scalp wound is noticed in order to provide proper treatment and prevention care. 

The permanent neurological deficit in low velocity injuries is related to the degree and location of the primary injury. It also depends on an early diagnosis and treatment and the absence of delayed complications
((Gutiérrez-González R, Boto GR, Rivero-Garvía M, Pérez-Zamarrón A, Gómez G.Penetrating brain injury by drill bit. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2008 Feb;110(2):207-10. Epub 2007 Nov 5. PubMed PMID: 17983703.)).

Sweeney et al. describe three cases of nonmissile penetrating brain injury and review the pertinent literature to describe the management strategies from a contemporary cerebrovascular and skull base surgery perspective.
((Sweeney JM, Lebovitz JJ, Eller JL, Coppens JR, Bucholz RD, Abdulrauf SI.
Management of nonmissile penetrating brain injuries: a description of three cases
and review of the literature. Skull Base Rep. 2011 May;1(1):39-46. doi:
10.1055/s-0031-1275257. Epub 2011 Apr 14. PubMed PMID: 23984201; PubMed Central
PMCID: PMC3743592.)).

see [[Horse kick]].

see [[Nail gun injury]].

see [[Stab wound]].