====== Patient-Specific 3D Printed Model ======

[[Patient]]-Specific [[3D]] Printed [[Model]]s provide added value for initial [[clinical diagnosis]], preoperative surgical and implant [[planning]], and patient and trainee [[education]]. 

3D printing-based patient-specific design and fabrication of [[Polymethylmethacrylate cranioplasty]] is safe and achieves acceptable cosmetic and clinical outcomes in patients with [[decompressive craniectomy]]. A study ensured clinically acceptable structural and mechanical properties of implanted [[PMMA]], suggesting that a low-cost 3D printer-based PMMA flap is an affordable option for cranioplasty in resource-constrained settings
((Basu B, Bhaskar N, Barui S, Sharma V, Das S, Govindarajan N, Hegde P, Perikal PJ, Antharasanahalli Shivakumar M, Khanapure K, Tekkatte Jagannatha A. Evaluation of implant properties, safety profile and clinical efficacy of patient-specific acrylic prosthesis in cranioplasty using 3D binderjet printed cranium model: A pilot study. J Clin Neurosci. 2021 Mar;85:132-142. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.12.020. Epub 2021 Jan 23. PMID: 33581784.)).
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3D [[spine model]]s are usually designed using [[CT]] [[data]], due to the ability to rapidly image osseous structures with high spatial resolution. Combining CT and [[MRI]] to derive a composite model of bony and neurological [[anatomy]] can potentially provide even more useful information for complex cases. Parthasarathy et al. described such a case involving an [[adolescent]] with a grade V [[spondylolisthesis]] in which a composite model was manufactured for preoperative and intraoperative evaluation and guidance. They provide a detailed [[workflow]] for creating such models and outline their potential benefit in guiding a [[multidisciplinary]] team approach
((Parthasarathy J, Sribnick EA, Ho ML, Beebe A. Customised hybrid CT-MRI 3D-printed model for [[grade V spondylolisthesis]] in an adolescent. BMJ Case Rep. 2021 Mar 1;14(3):e239192. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2020-239192. PMID: 33649040.)).
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The use of 3D-printed patient-matched, anatomically accurate replicas of the cerebral vascular tree is a valuable adjunct to the microsurgical clipping of IAs, and our study conclusions support this concept. However, both the feasibility and clinical utility of 3D printing remains the subject of much, ongoing investigations
((Faraj MK, Hoz SS, Mohammad AJ. The use of three-dimensional anatomical patient-specific printed models in surgical clipping of intracranial aneurysm: A pilot study. Surg Neurol Int. 2020 Nov 11;11:381. doi: 10.25259/SNI_361_2020. PMID: 33408915; PMCID: PMC7771404.)).
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Spatial proximity of diffuse [[low-grade glioma]]s (DLGGs) to cortical [[eloquent area]]s and subcortical [[tract]]s can be readily assessed in patient-specific 3D printed models with high fidelity. 3D-printed multimodal models could be helpful in [[preoperative]] patient consultation, surgical [[planning]], and resident [[training]]
((Gomez-Feria J, Narros JL, Ciriza GG, Roldan-Lora F, Schrader IM, Martin-Rodríguez JF, Mir P. 3D Printing of Diffuse Low-Grade Gliomas Involving Eloquent Cortical Areas and Subcortical Functional Pathways: Technical Note. World Neurosurg. 2021 Jan 5:S1878-8750(20)32649-8. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.12.082. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33359517.)).

===== References =====