====== Parkinsonism ======

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Parkinsonism is a clinical [[syndrome]] characterized by [[tremor]], [[bradykinesia]], [[rigidity]], and [[postural instability]]. 

===== Etiology =====

Parkinsonism may be primary or secondary to other conditions. All result from a relative loss of [[dopamine]]
mediated inhibition of the effects of [[acetylcholine]] in the [[basal ganglia]].

Ischemic (lacunes in basal ganglia): produces so-called arteriosclerotic parkinsonism AKA vascular
parkinsonism: “lower-half” parkinsonism (gait disturbance predominates
((Lang AE, Lozano AM. Parkinson's Disease. First of
Two Parts. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339:1044–1053))).

Also causes pseudobulbar deficits, and [[emotion]]al lability. Tremor is rare

It is found in [[Parkinson's disease]] (PD)—after which it is named—dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), and many other conditions. A wide range of causes may lead to this set of symptoms, including [[neurodegenerative]] conditions, drugs, toxins, metabolic diseases, and neurological conditions other than PD.

see [[Parkinson's disease ]]

see [[Secondary parkinsonism]].
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Despite various neurologic symptoms of Poland syndrome (PS), [[parkinsonism]] was never reported in PS, and the response to the treatment of parkinsonism was not studied before. Youn et al. report a case of ipsilateral parkinsonism in PS, similar to hemiatrophy-hemiparkinsonism, with a good response to [[levodopa]] and [[subthalamic deep brain stimulation]].
((Youn J, Gorodetsky C, Lozano AM, Lang AE, Fasano A. Hemiatrophy-hemiparkinsonism and Poland syndrome: A causative or coincidental association? Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2023 Apr 15;110:105402. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105402. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37084521.))