====== Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis ======

The continuous loss of [[dopaminergic neuron]]s is one of the pathogenic hallmarks of [[Parkinson's disease]] (PD) in the [[substantia nigra]] (SN). 
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Wang et al. examined [[circRNA]] and [[mRNA]] [[expression]] [[profile]]s in peripheral [[exosome]]s from PD patients (n = 23) and healthy controls (n = 15) using [[next-generation sequencing]] (NGS) technology, [[functional annotation]], and [[quantitative polymerase chain reaction]]. Correlation analysis was performed between the expression levels of the circRNAs and the clinical characteristics of PD patients. The binding MicroRNAs and target genes were predicted using [[TargetScanHuman]], miRDB, and miRTarBase. The predicted target genes were compared with the differentially expressed mRNAs in sequencing results.

Results: According to the NGS, 62 upregulated and 37 downregulated circRNAs in the PD group were screened out. Correlation analysis revealed that hsa-SCMH1_0001 has strong clinical relevance. We identified 17 potential binding MicroRNAs of hsa-SCMH1_0001 with 149 potential target genes. ARID1A and C1orf115 belong to the intersection of the predicted target genes and the differentially expressed mRNAs obtained by sequencing.

This study suggested that hsa-SCMH1_0001 and its target genes [[ARID1A]] and [[C1orf115]] are downregulated in PD patients and may be involved in the occurrence of PD
((Wang Q, Wang H, Zhao X, Han C, Liu C, Li Z, Du T, Sui Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Xiao Y, Cai G, Meng F. Transcriptome sequencing of circular RNA reveals the involvement of hsa-SCMH1_0001 in the [[pathogenesis]] of Parkinson's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2023 Sep 4. doi: 10.1111/cns.14435. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37664885.)).
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[[SNCA]] may serve to integrate presynaptic signaling and membrane trafficking. Defects in SNCA have been implicated in the [[Parkinson's disease pathogenesis]]. SNCA peptides are a major component of amyloid plaques in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Alternatively, spliced transcripts encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene

A  study demonstrated the importance of the SNCA locus for the etiology of [[Parkinson's disease]] in Latinos. By leveraging the demographic history of a [[cohort]] via admixture mapping, they identified two potential PD risk loci that merit further study
((Loesch DP, Horimoto ARVR, Heilbron K, Sarihan EI, Inca-Martinez M, Mason E, Cornejo-Olivas M, Torres L, Mazzetti P, Cosentino C, Sarapura-Castro E, Rivera-Valdivia A, Medina AC, Dieguez E, Raggio V, Lescano A, Tumas V, Borges V, Ferraz HB, Rieder CR, Schumacher-Schuh A, Santos-Lobato BL, Velez-Pardo C, Jimenez-Del-Rio M, Lopera F, Moreno S, Chana-Cuevas P, Fernandez W, Arboleda G, Arboleda H, Arboleda-Bustos CE, Yearout D, Zabetian CP; 23andMe Research Team, Cannon P, Thornton TA, O'Connor TD, Mata IF; Latin American Research Consortium on the Genetics of Parkinson's Disease (LARGE-PD). Characterizing the Genetic Architecture of Parkinson's Disease in Latinos. Ann Neurol. 2021 Jul 6. doi: 10.1002/ana.26153. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34227697.)).
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Alterations in thalamic nuclei volumes and the intrinsic thalamic network in patients with PD differed based on their predominant symptoms. These findings might be related to the underlying [[Parkinson's disease]] [[pathogenesis]] and suggest that PD is a heterogeneous syndrome
((Park J, Park KM, Jo G, Lee H, Choi BS, Shin KJ, Ha S, Park S, Lee HJ, Kim HY. An investigation of thalamic nuclei volumes and the intrinsic thalamic structural network based on motor subtype in drug naïve patients with Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2020 Nov 4;81:165-172. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.10.044. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33160215.)).