====== Nonmaleficence ======


[[Value]]s-based [[medicine]] (VsBM) is an ethical [[concept]], and bioethical [[framework]] has been developed to ensure that medical [[ethics]] and values are implemented, pervasive, and powerful parameters influencing decisions about health, clinical practice, teaching, medical [[industry]], [[career]] development, [[malpractice]], and [[research]]. [[Neurosurgeon]]s tend to adopt ethics according to their own values and to what they see and learn from [[teacher]]s. Neurosurgeons, in general, are aware about ethical codes and the patient's rights. However, the [[philosophy]], [[concept]], and [[principle]]s of medical ethics are rarely included in the training programs or in training [[course]]s. The impact of implementing, observing the medical ethics and the patients' value and culture on the course, and outcome of patients' [[management]] should not underestimate. The main principles of medical ethics are [[autonomy]], [[beneficence]], [[nonmaleficence]], [[justice]], [[dignity]], and [[honesty]], which should be strictly observed in every step of medical [[practice]], [[research]], teaching, and [[publication]]. [[Evidence-based medicine]] has been popularized in the last 40-50 years in order to raise up the [[standard]] of medical [[practice]]. Medical ethics and values have been associated with the medical practice for thousands of years since patients felt a need for treatment. There is no conflict between evidence-based medicine and values-based medicine, as a medical practice should always be performed within a frame of ethics and respect for patients' values. Observing the principles of values-based medicine became very relevant as multicultural societies are dominant in some countries and hospitals in different corners of the world
((Almatrafi F, Ammar A. Values-Based Medicine Is an Ethical Concept for Implementing the Ethical Principles in Daily Practice. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg. 2024;50:335-346. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-53578-9_12. PMID: 38592537.)).