====== Neurosurgical Techniques ======

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===== 🧠 Cranial Neurosurgery =====

==== Craniotomy-based Techniques ====

see [[Craniotomy]]


==== Approaches ====

[[Approaches]] 

==== Stereotactic and Minimally Invasive ====
  * Frame-based stereotactic biopsy
  * Frameless neuronavigation-guided biopsy
  * Endoscopic-assisted craniotomy
  * Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT)
  * BrainPath tubular retractor system
  * Robotic-assisted stereotaxy

===== 🧬 Functional Neurosurgery =====
  * Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
  * Vagal Nerve Stimulation (VNS)
  * Responsive Neurostimulation (RNS)
  * Focused ultrasound thalamotomy
  * Stereotactic lesioning (pallidotomy, thalamotomy)
  * Intrathecal drug delivery systems (baclofen pumps)
  * Corpus callosotomy
  * Hemispherectomy / hemispherotomy

===== 🧵 Spinal Neurosurgery =====

==== Decompression Techniques ====
  * Laminectomy
  * Laminotomy
  * Foraminotomy
  * Discectomy (open, microdiscectomy, endoscopic)

==== Stabilization and Fusion ====
  * Posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF)
  * Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF)
  * Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF)
  * Lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF/XLIF)
  * Minimally invasive spinal fusion (MIS-TLIF, OLIF)
  * Pedicle screw fixation
  * Vertebroplasty / kyphoplasty

==== Tumor Resection ====
  * Intramedullary tumor resection
  * Extradural or intradural-extramedullary tumor excision

===== 🧒 Pediatric Neurosurgery =====
  * Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV)
  * Choroid plexus coagulation
  * Craniosynostosis surgery (strip craniectomy, cranial vault remodeling)
  * Myelomeningocele repair
  * Posterior fossa decompression for Chiari malformation

===== 🧠 Neurovascular Techniques =====
  * Aneurysm clipping
  * Aneurysm coiling (endovascular)
  * Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) resection
  * Carotid endarterectomy
  * Bypass surgery (STA-MCA bypass)
  * Cerebral revascularization
  * Decompressive craniectomy for stroke or trauma

===== 🩺 Hydrocephalus and CSF Management =====
  * Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placement
  * Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV)
  * Lumbar or cisternal drain placement
  * Ommaya reservoir insertion

===== 🧫 Oncologic Techniques =====
  * En bloc tumor resection
  * Supratotal resection strategies
  * Fluorescence-guided surgery (5-ALA, fluorescein)
  * Intraoperative MRI or ultrasound-guided resection
  * Cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA)

===== ⚙️ Adjunct Technologies =====
  * Intraoperative navigation (neuronavigation)
  * Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM)
  * Intraoperative MRI/CT
  * Ultrasound guidance
  * Exoscope and microscope-assisted techniques
  * Endoscopic neurosurgery