====== Neurosurgical procedure classification ======

Neurosurgical procedures are broadly classified based on the anatomical region, purpose, or type of intervention. Here’s an organized classification:

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### **1. Based on Anatomical Region**
#### **a. Cranial Procedures**
   - **Craniotomy**: Surgical opening of the skull (e.g., tumor resection, aneurysm clipping).
   - **Craniectomy**: Removal of a portion of the skull, often for decompression.
   - **Stereotactic Procedures**: Image-guided interventions (e.g., biopsy, deep brain stimulation).
   - **Ventricular Surgery**: Insertion of shunts, third ventriculostomy.
   - **Epilepsy Surgery**: Lobectomies (e.g., temporal lobectomy), lesionectomy.
   - **Trauma Management**: Evacuation of hematomas (subdural, epidural), skull fracture repair.

#### **b. Spinal Procedures**
   - **Decompressive Surgery**: Laminectomy, foraminotomy.
   - **Stabilization Surgery**: Spinal fusion, instrumentation.
   - **Disk Surgery**: Discectomy, microdiscectomy.
   - **Tumor Resection**: Removal of intramedullary, intradural-extramedullary, or extradural tumors.

#### **c. Peripheral Nerve Surgery**
   - **Decompression**: Carpal tunnel release, ulnar nerve decompression.
   - **Nerve Repair/Transfer**: Post-trauma or injury reconstruction.
   - **Tumor Resection**: Schwannomas, neurofibromas.

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### **2. Based on Purpose**
#### **a. Diagnostic**
   - **Biopsy**: Tissue sampling for pathology (stereotactic or open).
   - **Endoscopy**: Neuroendoscopy for ventricular or skull base visualization.

#### **b. Therapeutic**
   - **Tumor Resection**: Benign or malignant.
   - **Aneurysm Repair**: Clipping or coiling (with interventional radiology).
   - **Functional Surgery**: Deep brain stimulation (DBS), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS).
   - **Trauma**: Hematoma evacuation, decompressive craniectomy.

#### **c. Palliative**
   - **Cordotomy**: For intractable pain.
   - **CSF Diversion**: Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt for hydrocephalus.

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### **3. Based on Intervention Type**
#### **a. Open Surgery**
   - Craniotomy.
   - Spinal laminectomy.

#### **b. Minimally Invasive**
   - Endoscopic procedures.
   - Keyhole craniotomies.

#### **c. Image-Guided**
   - Stereotactic radiosurgery (e.g., Gamma Knife, CyberKnife).
   - Stereotactic biopsy.

#### **d. Robotic-Assisted**
   - Robotic trajectory planning for tumor or seizure focus ablation.

#### **e. Endovascular**
   - Embolization of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).
   - Aneurysm coiling.

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### **4. Based on Disease Type**
#### **a. Tumors**
   - Gliomas, meningiomas, metastases.
   - Pituitary adenomas (via transsphenoidal approach).

#### **b. Vascular Disorders**
   - Aneurysms, AVMs, dural arteriovenous fistulas.
   - Ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke management.

#### **c. Degenerative Disorders**
   - Lumbar/cervical stenosis.
   - Herniated discs.

#### **d. Functional Disorders**
   - Parkinson’s disease: Deep brain stimulation.
   - Epilepsy: Temporal lobectomy, responsive neurostimulation (RNS).

#### **e. Trauma**
   - Acute epidural, subdural, or intraparenchymal hemorrhage evacuation.

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### **5. Special Techniques**
#### **a. Skull Base Surgery**
   - For lesions at the base of the skull (e.g., clival chordomas, acoustic neuromas).

#### **b. Pediatric Neurosurgery**
   - Chiari malformation decompression.
   - Surgery for congenital disorders (e.g., spina bifida repair).

#### **c. Neuroendoscopy**
   - Third ventriculostomy, colloid cyst removal.

===== Non-invasive Neurosurgical procedure =====

[[Non-invasive Neurosurgical procedure]]