====== Neurosurgical operating room ====== {{rss>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rss/search/1pabLar0q26PwU30J3EORALPVVsfG4YJEg6N9LuqbmxgpiNkla/?limit=15&utm_campaign=pubmed-2&fc=20241129175804}} Integrating [[medical student]]s into the neurosurgical [[operating room]] (OR) presents significant pedagogical [[challenge]]s, compounded by the phenomenon of [[neurophobia]], or aversion to neuroscience. Despite the importance of early neurosurgical exposure, there is a lack of structured educational strategies for [[undergraduate]]s. Lawson et al. present twelve targeted strategies to optimize neurosurgical OR [[education]]. These include preoperative planning, fostering a positive learning environment, emphasizing technological integration, involving students in decision-making, prioritizing safety, providing regular feedback, facilitating active participation, leveraging teachable moments, managing time constraints, offering follow-up opportunities, emphasizing professionalism, and fostering a learning culture. Discussion and conclusion: This framework addresses a critical gap in neurosurgical education for undergraduates, tackling neurophobia and enhancing learning experiences. Integrating educational theories with practical insights offers a robust, adaptable approach suitable for various global resource settings. Through continuous evaluation and refinement, these strategies can evolve to meet the dynamic demands of neurosurgical education, preparing students to navigate the complexities of modern neurosurgical practice with confidence and competence ((Lawson McLean A, Yen TL, Gutiérrez Pineda F. Tailoring neurosurgical operating room education to medical undergraduates: Integrative review and meta-synthesis. Brain Spine. 2024 Nov 4;4:104131. doi: 10.1016/j.bas.2024.104131. PMID: 39582527; PMCID: PMC11584684.)) ---- ---- [[Resident]]s in neurosurgery have to spend a lot of time in the [[operating room]] to become familiar with surgical [[anatomy]] and [[technique]]s and to develop practical [[skill]]s ((Yaşargil MG. A legacy of microneurosurgery: memoirs, lessons, and axioms. Neurosurgery. (1999) 45(5):1025–92. 10.1097/00006123-199911000-00014)) ((Yadav YR, Parihar V, Ratre S, Kher Y, Iqbal M. Microneurosurgical skills training. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg. (2016) 77(2):146–54. 10.1055/s-0034-1376190)) ((Belykh E, Onaka NR, Abramov IT, Yağmurlu K, Byvaltsev VA, Spetzler RF, et al. Systematic review of factors influencing surgical performance: practical recommendations for microsurgical procedures in neurosurgery. World Neurosurg. (2018) 112:e182–207. 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.01.005)). Although intraoperative surgical exposure represents the fundamental way to train surgeons, several [[drawback]]s are encountered in every [[country]]. Differences between [[department]]s, [[hospital]]s, and nations are wide, and [[resident]]s often do not have the same [[opportunity]] in their [[education]] and operation [[room]] in particular ((Stienen MN, Netuka D, Demetriades AK, Ringel F, Gautschi OP, Gempt J, et al. Neurosurgical resident education in Europe—results of a multinational survey. Acta Neurochir. (2016) 158(1):3–15. 10.1007/s00701-015-2632-0)) ((Calderon C, Dos Santos Rubio EJ, Negida A, Park KB. Neurosurgical training in the Caribbean. Brain Spine. (2022) 2:101691. 10.1016/j.bas.2022.101691)) ((Ekhator C, Rak R. The need for improved recruitment to neurosurgery training: a systematic review of enrollment strategies. Cureus. (2022) 14(6):e26212. 10.7759/cureus.26212)) ((Ferraris KP, Matsumura H, Wardhana DPW, Vesagas T, Seng K, Mohd Ali MR, et al. The state of neurosurgical training and education in east Asia: analysis and strategy development for this frontier of the world. Neurosurg Focus. (2020) 48(3):E7. 10.3171/2019.12.FOCUS19814)) ((Hoffman C, Härtl R, Shlobin NA, Tshimbombu TN, Elbabaa SK, Haglund MM, et al. Future directions for global clinical neurosurgical training: challenges and opportunities. World Neurosurg. (2022) 166:e404–18. 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.07.030)) ((Ogbu II, Kaliaperumal C. The future of neurosurgical training in the United Kingdom. World Neurosurg. (2022) 168:89–93. 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.09.038)) ((Wang A, Shlobin NA, DiCesare JAT, Holly LT, Liau LM. Diversity in neurosurgical recruitment and training in the United States: a systematic review. World Neurosurg. (2022) 162:111–117.e1. 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.03.086 )) ---- It is estimated that 70% of [[hospital revenue]] is generated in the [[operating room]] (OR) ((Li F, Gupta D, Potthoff S. Improving operating room schedules. Health Care Manag Sci. 2016 Sep;19(3):261-78. doi: 10.1007/s10729-015-9318-2. Epub 2015 Feb 17. PMID: 25687390.)) and 30% of hospital [[waste]]. ---- The implementation of a universal [[surgical safety checklist]] protocol in [[2004]] was intended to minimize the prevalence of [[wrong site surgery]] (WSS). However, complete elimination of WSS in the [[operating room]] continues to be a challenge. ---- There is an urgent need in the acute health system to use resources as efficiently as possible. One such group of resources are operating theatres, which have an important impact on patient flow through a hospital. Data-driven insights into the use of operating theatres can suggest improvements to minimise wastage and improve theatre availability. In a paper, a short extract of surgical data from participating Queensland public hospitals was statistically analysed to examine the effects of session type, session specialty, scheduling the longest case first and day of the week on theatre utilisation. It was found that day-long sessions (as opposed to separate morning or afternoon sessions), mid-week sessions, certain specialties (eg. neurosurgery sessions) and not doing the longest case first were most beneficial to theatre utilisation. Awareness of these findings is important in any redesign activity aimed at improving flow performance ((Thorburn H, Khanna S, Boyle J, Good N, Steyn M. Analysis of operating theatre utilisation to drive efficiency and productivity improvements. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2014;204:163-8. PubMed PMID: 25087544. )). ===== Operating room capacity ===== [[Operating room capacity]]. ===== Surgical safety checklist ===== [[Surgical safety checklist]] ===== Hybrid operating room ===== see [[Hybrid operating room]]. ===== Preparation ===== [[Operating room preparation]]. ===== Operating room time ===== [[Operating room time]]