====== Neuroophthalmology ======

Neuroophthalmology is an academically-oriented subspecialty that merges the fields of [[neurology]] and ophthalmology, often dealing with complex systemic diseases that have manifestations in the [[visual system]]. Neuro-ophthalmologists initially complete a residency in either neurology or ophthalmology, then do a fellowship in the complementary field. Since diagnostic studies can be normal in patients with significant neuro-ophthalmic disease, a detailed medical history and physical exam is essential, and neuro-ophthalmologists often spend a significant amount of time with their patients.

Common pathology referred to a neuro-ophthalmologist includes afferent visual system disorders (e.g. optic neuritis, optic neuropathy, [[papilledema]], brain tumors or strokes) and efferent visual system disorders (e.g. anisocoria, diplopia, ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, nystagmus, blepharospasm, seizures of the eye or eye muscles, and hemifacial spasm). The largest international society of neuro-ophthalmologists is the North American Neuro-Ophthalmological Society (NANOS), which organizes an annual meeting and publishes the Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology. Neuro-ophthalmologists are often faculty at large university-based medical centers. Patients often have co-existing disease in other fields (rheumatology, endocrinology, oncology, cardiology, etc.), thus the neuro-ophthalmologist is often a liaison between the ophthalmology department and other departments in the medical center.

===== Books =====
Liu, Volpe, and Galetta’s Neuro-Ophthalmology: Diagnosis and Management

[[Neuro-Ophthalmology Illustrated]]

Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology: The Essentials

The Neuro-Ophthalmology Survival Guide

Neuro-Ophthalmology: Diagnosis and Management, Book with DVD-ROM

Neuro-Ophthalmology Review Manual

Kline's Neuro-Ophthalmology Review Manual

Questions and Answers in Neuro-ophthalmology: A Case-Based Approach

Neuro-Ophthalmology (What Do I Do Now)

Pediatric Neuro-Ophthalmology

Neuro-Ophthalmology (Color Atlas and Synopsis of Clinical Ophthalmology)

[[Clinical Pathways in Neuro-Ophthalmology An Evidence-Based Approach]].