a) familial(X-linked recessive)

b) [[hypokalemia]]
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c) [[hypercalcemia]]
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d) Sjögren’ssyndrome
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e) drugs:[[lithium]],[[demeclocycline]],[[colchicine]]...
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f) chronic renal disease: [[pyelonephritis]], [[amyloidosis]], [[sickle cell disease]], [[polycystic kidney disease]], [[sarcoidosis]]