====== Murine Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage ======

A **murine model of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)** refers to experimental ICH induction in mice or rats, enabling study of the disease's pathophysiology and treatment options in a controlled environment.

===== 🧪 Types of Murine ICH Models =====

  * **Collagenase-induced model**
    * *Mechanism:* Injection of bacterial collagenase into the striatum or cortex, degrading vascular matrix.
    * *Advantages:* Simulates vessel rupture; progressive bleeding.
    * *Disadvantages:* Strong inflammatory response; variable hematoma.

  * **Autologous blood injection model**
    * *Mechanism:* Injection of the animal’s own blood directly into the brain.
    * *Advantages:* Controlled hematoma size; reproducible.
    * *Disadvantages:* Does not replicate active bleeding or vessel rupture.

  * **Balloon inflation model**
    * *Mechanism:* Mechanical mass effect via balloon or gel.
    * *Advantages:* Mimics mass effect.
    * *Disadvantages:* Lacks actual bleeding; limited biological relevance.

  * **Genetically modified models**
    * *Mechanism:* Knockout/transgenic animals targeting vascular or coagulation pathways.
    * *Advantages:* Useful for studying gene-specific effects.
    * *Disadvantages:* Time-consuming; expensive; variable phenotypes.

===== 🔬 Parameters Measured =====

  * Neurological deficits (e.g. rotarod, cylinder test)
  * Hematoma volume (MRI, histology)
  * Neuronal death (TUNEL, caspase activation)
  * Inflammation (e.g. IL-6, TNF-α, microglia markers)
  * Autophagy/apoptosis markers (LC3, Beclin-1, cleaved caspase-3)
  * Signaling pathways (e.g. AMPK/mTOR, NF-κB)

===== 🧠 Relevance to Human ICH =====

Murine models effectively reproduce:
  * Early events: edema, inflammation, oxidative stress.
  * Limitations: chronic evolution, large hematomas, comorbidities (e.g. hypertension, aging).