====== miR-210 ======

**Full name:** microRNA-210  
**Type:** Hypoxia-inducible microRNA (regulated by HIF-1α)  
**Gene location (human):** Chromosome 11p15.5  
**Alias:** "Master hypoxamir"

===== Key Functions in the Nervous System =====

^ Function               ^ Description                                                                                  ^
| Hypoxia regulation     | Induced by HIF-1α in low-oxygen environments. Downregulates energy-intensive processes to aid cellular survival. |
| Apoptosis modulation   | Suppresses pro-apoptotic genes such as *Caspase-8*, *E2F3*, and *ISCU1/2*, reducing neuronal cell death. |
| Neuroprotection        | Enhances recovery in models of stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) by reducing inflammation and promoting repair mechanisms. |
| Autophagy regulation   | Activates **AMPK** and inhibits **mTOR**, facilitating autophagic flux in damaged neurons. |
| Mitochondrial control  | Regulates mitochondrial metabolism and reduces oxidative stress by targeting iron-sulfur cluster proteins (*ISCU1/2*). |

===== Role in Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH) =====

In murine models of ICH:
  * miR-210 upregulates autophagy via **AMPK/mTOR** pathway.
  * Reduces neuronal death and release of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α).
  * Enhances functional recovery and neurological outcomes.
  * Potential therapeutic target in brain hemorrhage and hypoxia-related brain injury.

===== References =====
  * Yao Wang et al. ''miR-210 Regulates Autophagy Through the AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway...'' *Neurochemical Research*, 2025. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-025-04434-7]]
  * Chan SY, Loscalzo J. "MicroRNA-210: a unique and pleiotropic hypoxamir." *Cell Cycle*. 2010.