====== Middle fossa floor dehiscence ======
[[Middle fossa]] floor [[dehiscence]] (MFFD) can present as multiple [[syndrome]]s depending on dehiscence location, [[tissue]] [[herniation]], and [[dura]]l opening.

====Classification====
Gupta ey al. proposed a [[classification]] system for MFFD with the potential to guide clinical decision making. 

A retrospective analysis of the electronic medical records (years 1995-2012) of patients who had undergone [[temporal craniotomy]] for the surgical [[repair]] of an MFFD syndrome at a single institution was undertaken. Reviewed data included demographic, operative, presentation, and outcome details. 

{{::middlefossafloordehiscenceclassification.jpg|}}

Middle fossa floor dehiscence was classified as follows: 

Class A, bony dehiscence without herniation of the brain and/or meninges

Class B, herniation of the brain and/or meninges through the middle fossa floor without CSF leakage 

Class C, dehiscence with CSF leakage without meningitis

Class D, dehiscence with meningitis. 

===== Case series =====

==== 2018 ====
A total of 34 patients underwent a total of 37 surgeries. Obesity was prevalent; 21 patients (61.8%) were obese (BMI [body mass index] > 30 kg/m2), and 7 (20.6%) were overweight (BMI 25-30 kg/m2). The most common presenting symptom was hearing disturbance (70.3%), followed by otorrhea (51.4%). Empty sella was noted on computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging in 15 patients (45.5%). Eight of the 34 patients (23.5%) were found to have superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SCD). Hearing improved with surgical intervention in 25 of 26 patients with hearing loss as a presenting symptom (96%). CSF resolved in 18 of 19 cases (95%). Seventy-three percent of patients reported at least minimal improvement in vertigo.

TBD may present with symptoms of CSF leak/encephalocele, but may also present with superior SCD. We recommend consistent review of the temporal bone imaging to check for superior SCD, and repair of the SCD first to prevent complications involving the labyrinth and cochlea. MCF approach using a multilayer repair without a lumbar drain is highly effective with minimal risk of complications
((Eddelman DB, Munich S, Kochanski RB, Eggerstedt M, Kazan RP, Moftakhar R,
Munoz L, Byrne RW, Wiet RM. Repair of Temporal Bone Defects via the Middle
Cranial Fossa Approach: Treatment of 2 Pathologies With 1 Operation.
Neurosurgery. 2018 May 17. doi: 10.1093/neuros/nyy198. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 29788439.
)).

==== 2015 ====


Fifty-one patients, 22 males and 29 females, were included in the analysis. The mean age was 48.7 ± 15.5 years, mean [[body mass index]] was 32.65 ± 6.86 kg/m(2), and mean [[symptom]] duration was 33 ± 42 months. Seven patients underwent repeat surgery for symptomatic [[recurrence]]; therefore, there were 58 surgical encounters. Repair included bony reconstruction with [[hydroxyapatite]] with or without resection of [[encephalocele]]s and/or repair of a dural opening. 

According to the MFFD classification system described, 15, 8, 27, and 8 cases were categorized as Class A, B, C, and D, respectively. The prevalence of [[hearing loss]] was 87%, 63%, and 70% in Classes A, B, and C, respectively. [[Vestibular symptoms]] were more prevalent in Class A. Seven patients reported persistent symptoms at the last follow-up. Transient [[complication]]s were similar in each classification (13%-25%), and a single permanent complication related to anesthesia was observed. There were no mortalities or severe neurological morbidities in the series. 

Middle fossa floor dehiscence has a spectrum of clinical presentations. A classification system may help to clarify the [[diagnosis]] and guide [[therapy]]. Surgery, the mainstay of treatment, is safe and well tolerated
((Gupta K, Sabry HA, Dogan A, Coppa ND, McMenomey S, Delashaw JB, Raslan AM.
Classification of middle fossa floor dehiscence syndromes. J Neurosurg. 2015
Mar;122(3):557-63. doi: 10.3171/2014.11.JNS132798. Epub 2015 Jan 2. PubMed PMID: 
25554855.))