====== Midbrain cavernous malformation ======

The [[orbitozygomatic approach]], developed for high-riding [[basilar artery bifurcation aneurysm]]s, was ideal for midbrain cavernous malformation in the [[cerebral peduncle]], [[interpeduncular fossa]], and contralateral cerebral peduncle. 

Brainstem microsurgery utilized navigation for submerged lesions, [[tractography]] for lesions near motor
pathways, and lighted microinstruments for deep corridors.

The perception of the brainstem as an impenetrable monolith transformed as cavernous malformations below the [[pia]]l surface were reached through [[safe entry zone]]s.