====== Meningitis ======

It has been estimated that SA is responsible for around 1%-7% of meningitis (up to 19% in [[healthcare-associated [[meningitis]])
((Antonello RM, Riccardi N. How we deal with [[Staphylococcus aureus]] (MSSA, MRSA) [[central nervous system infection]]s. Front Biosci (Schol Ed). 2022 Jan 12;14(1):1. doi: 10.31083/j.fbs1401001. PMID: 35320912.)).

===== Classification =====

[[Community-acquired meningitis]].

[[Healthcare-associated meningitis]].

[[Posttraumatic meningitis]].

[[Aseptic meningitis]].

[[Post-neurosurgical meningitis]]

===== Etiology =====

[[Chemical meningitis]] 

see [[Viral meningitis]].

see [[Bacterial meningitis]]

see [[Tuberculous meningitis]]

see [[Frontal sinus posterior wall fracture]].

see [[Post-neurosurgical meningitis]]

see [[Healthcare-associated meningitis]].

===== Epidemiology =====
Occurs in 25-50% of untreated traumatic [[cerebrospinal fluid fistula]] (CSF) and in 10% of patients in the first week after trauma with a head injury.

The diagnosis of [[external ventricular drain]] EVD-related ventriculo-meningitis in neurosurgical ICU patients can be established in a rapid manner using a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay on [[cerebrospinal fluid]] (CSF) samples in combination with intrathecal biomarkers
((Rath PM, Schoch B, Adamzik M, Steinmann E, Buer J, Steinmann J. Value of
multiplex PCR using cerebrospinal fluid for the diagnosis of
ventriculostomy-related meningitis in neurosurgery patients. Infection. 2014 Jan 
29. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 24470322.)).

===== Clinical features =====

Sudden high fever. Stiff neck. Severe headache that seems different from normal. Headache with nausea or vomiting.

===== Diagnosis =====

see [[Meningitis Diagnosis]]

===== Treatment =====

[[Meningitis treatment]].

===== Complications =====

[[Meningitis complications]].

===== Case reports =====
A report describes the first case, of [[meningitis]] in an adult patient caused by [[Caulobacter]] spp. 

A 75 year-old-man was operated for a [[glioblastoma]] with no evident signs of primary infection in the [[wound]] site. Eight days after surgery the patient developed signs and symptoms of meningitis. Caulobacter was then isolated on three separate occasions in the patient's [[cerebrospinal fluid]] (CSF). Thereafter, specific [[antibiotic]] therapy began. After two weeks of therapy the patient was discharged with complete resolution of any related symptoms.

Caulobacter species can cause adult meningitis even where there is no evidence of [[surgical site infection]]
((Penner F, Brossa S, Barbui AM, Ducati A, Cavallo R, Zenga F. Caulobacter spp: 
A rare pathogen responsible for paucisintomatic persisitant meningitis in a
glioblastoma patient. World Neurosurg. 2016 Sep 17. pii: S1878-8750(16)30846-4.
doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.09.020. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 27650802.
)).