====== Memory T cell ======


Memory [[T cell]]s are [[antigen-specific T cell]]s that remain long-term after an infection has been eliminated. The memory T cells are quickly converted into large numbers of effector [[T cell]]s upon re-exposure to the specific invading antigen, thus providing a rapid response to past infection.
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[[Memory T cell]] (MTC) transfer in tumor-challenged T cell-deficient nu/nu mice demonstrates the longevity and functionality of these cells. [[Graft]]-versus-[[leukemia]] (GvL) studies in [[mice]] demonstrate complete [[remission]] of late-stage disease including [[metastases]] and [[cachexia]]. [[T-cell transfer therapy]] studies with human cells in human tumor xenotransplanted NOD/SCID mice demonstrate the superiority of bone marrow-derived as compared to blood-derived MTCs. Results from clinical studies presented include vaccination studies using two different types of [[Oncolytic Newcastle disease virus]]-modified [[cancer vaccine]] and a pilot adoptive T-cell mediated therapy study using re-activated bone marrow-derived cancer-reactive MTCs. As an example of what can be expected from clinical immunotherapy against tumors with an immunosuppressive TME, results from vaccination studies are presented from the aggressive brain tumor [[glioblastoma]]. The last decades of basic research in [[virology]], [[oncology]], and [[immunology]] can be considered a success story. Based on discoveries in these research areas, [[translational research]] and clinical studies have changed the way of treatment of cancer by introducing and including [[immunotherapy]]
((Schirrmacher V, van Gool S, Stuecker W. Counteracting [[Immunosuppression]] in the [[Tumor Microenvironment]] by [[Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus]] and Cellular [[Immunotherapy]]. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Oct 27;23(21):13050. doi: 10.3390/ijms232113050. PMID: 36361831.)).