====== Medical device ======

There is a wide range of medical devices used for [[diagnosis]], [[treatment]], and [[monitoring]]. These include pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), insulin pumps, prosthetics, hearing aids, and various monitoring devices such as blood pressure monitors, glucose meters, and wearable fitness trackers.

A [[device]] is usually a constructed [[tool]]

Examples: [[Anti-siphon device]], [[Interspinous device]], [[Pipeline embolization device]] 

Financial and nonfinancial relationships between pharmaceutical or medical [[device]] industry, physicians, investigators, and academic institutions are common and generally considered essential for development of new [[technology]] and advancement in medicine 
((Bekelman JE, Li Y, Gross CP. Scope and impact of financial conflicts of interest in biomedical research: a systematic review. JAMA. 2003; 289: 454–465.))
((Garfin SR. Spine surgeons: spine industry. Eur Spine J. 2008; 17: 785–790.)).

The clinical introduction of novel medical devices often occurs without evidence of good [[methodological quality]] and with relatively little oversight and regulation. As a consequence, the [[safety]], efficacy, and long-term effects of devices are frequently insufficiently known upon device approval. Recent controversies surrounding the Poly Implant Prothèse (PIP) breast implants, metal-on-metal hip implants, and [[interspinous implant]]s underscore the need to reconsider how innovation in medical devices can adhere to sound ethical standards without inhibiting surgical research and development. 

The introduction of [[spinal implant]]s is taken as an example to firstly discuss the scientific and ethical challenges of developing, testing, and introducing novel medical devices and to secondly identify avenues for improving the existing regulatory frameworks for such innovation. Two measures for improvement are most feasible in the short term: demanding prospective studies before device introduction and developing registries to monitor and evaluate new medical devices.Level of Evidence: 5
((Moojen WA, Bredenoord AL, Viergever RF, Peul WC. Scientific Evaluation of
Spinal Implants: An Ethical Necessity. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014 Dec
15;39(26):2115-2118. PubMed PMID: 25514748.)).

===== Finder =====
https://accessgudid.nlm.nih.gov/devices

===== Products =====

See [[Products]].

===== Neuroprosthetic device =====
[[Neuroprostheses]]

===== Embolization device =====
[[Embolization device]].

===== Spinal instrumentation =====

See [[Spinal instrumentation]].