see also [[back pain differential diagnosis]].

Low-back pain may be referred from sources other than the lumbar vertebrae, such as the [[hip]] or the [[sacroiliac joint]]. Twenty to 25% of patients with low-back pain have some positive findings on provocative
testing of the hip joint
((Prather H, Cheng A, Steger-May K, Maheshwari V, Van
Dillen L: Hip and lumbar spine physical examination
findings in people presenting with low back pain, with or
without lower extremity pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther
47:163–172, 2017))

Hip osteoarthritis can be tested with flexion, abduction, and rotation, such as the Faber test. Trochanteric bursitis is another common extraspinal source of back pain: a 20% rate of greater trochanteric pain syndrome has been reported in patients referred for low-back pain
((Tortolani PJ, Carbone JJ, Quartararo LG: Greater trochanteric
pain syndrome in patients referred to orthopedic spine
specialists. Spine J 2:251–254, 2002))