====== Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring indications ======

Multimodal intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) is recommended as an effective way to avoid permanent neurologic injury during surgical procedures
((Grosland JO, Todd MM, Goldstein PA. Neuromonitoring in the ambulatory anesthesia setting: a pro-con discussion. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2018 Dec;31(6):667-672. doi: 10.1097/ACO.0000000000000654. PMID: 30124541.)).


A meta-analysis was not possible due to the heterogeneity of the studies.

Eighteen recommendations were issued and will support the adequate use of the IONM
((Maza-Krzeptowsky LC, Romero-Esquiliano G, Ramírez-Segura EH, Obieta-Cruz E,
Vega-Sosa A, Cárdenas-Mejía A, Juan-Orta DS, Castillo-Herrera M, Aguilar-Castillo
SJ, Ávila-Ordóñez MU, Cordero-Guzmán LM, Escobar-Cedillo RE, Fraire-Martínez MI, 
Franco-Lira MO, González-Jaime JJ, Paz-Navarro CE, Ramos-Peek JN,
Shkurovich-Bialik P, Silva-Cerecedo P, Tello-Valdés CA, Zavala-Reina ÁA,
López-Rodríguez J, Sosa-García O. [Implementation of intraoperative
neurophysiologic monitoring in children and adults in secondary and tertiary
health care facilities]. Cir Cir. 2018;86(2):132-139. doi:
10.24875/CIRU.M18000021. Spanish. PubMed PMID: 29809190.
)).

During the last 20 years several less-invasive anterior approaches to the [[lumbar spine]] have become standard, including the extreme [[Lateral retroperitoneal transpsoas approach]]. Although it is associated with a lower risk of vascular injury compared with anterior midline approaches, [[neuromonitoring]] is considered mandatory to avoid neurologic complications.

===== Somatosensory evoked potentials indications =====
[[Somatosensory evoked potentials indications]].

===== Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring in Spine Surgery =====


see [[Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring in Spine Surgery]].

===== Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring for Skull base tumor surgery =====
[[Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring for Skull base tumor surgery]].

===== Intraoperative monitoring for microvascular decompression =====

[[Facial electromyography]] and [[BAER]] 

see [[Intraoperative monitoring of the vestibulocochlear nerve]].



===== Epilepsy surgery =====

[[Intraoperative monitoring for epilepsy surgery]].