=====Intracranial stereotactic radiosurgery=====


====Indications====
====Cerebral arteriovenous malformation ====
see [[Cerebral arteriovenous malformation radiosurgery]].

===Glioblastoma===
[[Stereotactic radiosurgery]] is an emerging treatment option offered to patients with Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Radiosurgery is performed as an outpatient procedure and provides a safe and effective non invasive treatment for focal GBM. High energy beams originating from cobalt sources placed into an helmet (Gamma-Knife) or generated by a linear accelerator (LINAC) rotating on a gantry (X-Knife, Novalis) or maneuvered by a robotic arm ([[CyberKnife]]) are delivered with submillimetric accuracy to a selected intracranial target. Treatment accuracy is provided by image-guided volumetric CT and MR studies complemented with advanced metabolic neuroimaging techniques such as CT-PET. Radiosurgery is typically used as a salvage treatment in patients with recurrent GBM to avoid further surgical procedures or as a complement to conventional fractionated radiotherapy
((Barbarisi M, Romanelli P. The emerging role of stereotactic radiosurgery in
the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. Curr Radiopharm. 2012 Oct;5(4):292-9.
Review. PubMed PMID: 22642423.
)).

===Atypical meningioma===

[[atypical_meningioma#treatment|Atypical Meningioma radiotherapy]].

===Brain metastases===

see [[Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases.]].

===pituitary neuroendocrine tumor===
Is a common treatment for recurrent or residual pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. The persistence of symptoms and treatment related complications may impair the patient's quality of life (QOL).
Symptom distress can affect different aspects of patient QOL. Levels of symptom distress, number of symptoms, age, and gender were variables significantly correlated with patient QOL. These results may be utilized by healthcare personnel to design educational and targeted interventional programs for symptom management to improve patient QOL
((Yang CJ, Huang GS, Xiao FR, Lou MF. Symptom distress and quality of life after
stereotactic radiosurgery in patients with pituitary tumors: a questionnaire
survey. PLoS One. 2014 Feb 5;9(2):e88460. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088460.
eCollection 2014. PubMed PMID: 24505492.)).

===Vestibular Schwannoma===
Vestibular schwannoma patients planned with the CyberKnife system had superior organs at risk (OAR) (cochlea and mesial temporal lobe) sparing compared with those planned with the Linac-based system. Further evaluation of these findings in prospective studies with clinical correlation will provide actual clinical benefit from the dosimetric superiority of CyberKnife
((Dutta D, Balaji Subramanian S, Murli V, Sudahar H, Gopalakrishna Kurup PG,
Potharaju M. Dosimetric comparison of Linac-based (BrainLAB®) and robotic
radiosurgery (CyberKnife ®) stereotactic system plans for acoustic schwannoma. J 
Neurooncol. 2012 Feb;106(3):637-42. doi: 10.1007/s11060-011-0703-5. Epub 2011 Sep
4. PubMed PMID: 21892741.
)).

see [[Vestibular schwannoma radiosurgery]]

[[Metastases to the craniovertebral junction]]

====Books====
Intracranial Stereotactic Radiosurgery [[Thieme]]