====== Inferior frontal gyrus ======

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{{ ::inferior_frontal_gyrus.png?400|}}

[[Broca’s area]] is located in the inferior frontal gyrus

Its superior border is the [[inferior frontal sulcus]] (which divides it from the [[middle frontal gyrus]]).

Its inferior border the [[lateral fissure]] (which divides it from the [[superior temporal gyrus]]), and its posterior border is the inferior [[precentral sulcus]].

Above it is the [[middle frontal gyrus]] (the gyrus frontalis medius), behind it the [[precentral gyrus]] (the gyrus praecentralis).

The inferior frontal gyrus, like the middle frontal gyrus and the superior frontal gyrus, is more of a region than a true [[gyrus]].

The [[middle frontal gyrus]] is usually more sinuous than the [[inferior frontal gyrus]] (IFG) or [[superior frontal gyrus ]] (SFG).

The [[uncinate fasciculus]]: connects the anterior [[temporal lobe]] to the inferior frontal gyrus. Damage can cause [[language dysfunction]].
===== Parts =====
[[Pars opercularis]]

[[Pars triangularis]]

[[Pars orbitalis]]

{{::superior_temporal_gyrus.png?500|}}

The bone flap has been removed and the [[dura mater]] has been opened as a flap pediculated towards the greater [[sphenoid wing]] previously roungered to improve parasellar visualization. [[Sylvian fissure]], [[Inferior frontal gyrus]], [[Superior temporal gyrus]] and [[Middle temporal gyrus]] are exposed. Three pars of parasylvian inferior frontal gyrus must be distinguished: [[pars orbitalis]] (pOr) in relation to the [[orbital roof]]; [[pars triangularis]] (pT) the widest area of [[sylvian fissure]] (good place for start opening of sylvian fissure); [[pars opercularis]] (pOp) where [[Broca’s Area]] is located.

===== Connections and Functions =====
Briggs et al. identified a callosal fiber bundle connecting the inferior frontal gyri bilaterally was also identified. The IFG is an important region implicated in a variety of tasks including language processing, speech production, motor control, interoceptive awareness, and semantic processing
((Briggs RG, Chakraborty AR, Anderson CD, Abraham CJ, Palejwala AH, Conner AK,
Pelargos PE, O'Donoghue DL, Glenn CA, Sughrue ME. Anatomy and white matter
connections of the inferior frontal gyrus. Clin Anat. 2019 May;32(4):546-556.
doi: 10.1002/ca.23349. Epub 2019 Feb 28. PubMed PMID: 30719769.
)).
----
In 7 of the 14 patients, we identified nine sites where cortical stimulation interfered with syntactic encoding but did not interfere with single-word processing. All nine sites were localized to the inferior frontal gyrus, mostly to the pars triangularis and opercularis. Interference with syntactic encoding took several different forms, including misassignment of arguments to grammatical roles, misassignment of nouns to verb slots, omission of function words and inflectional morphology, and various paragrammatic constructions. The findings suggest that the left inferior frontal gyrus plays an important role in the encoding of syntactic structure during sentence production
((Chang EF, Kurteff G, Wilson SM. Selective Interference with Syntactic Encoding
during Sentence Production by Direct Electrocortical Stimulation of the Inferior 
Frontal Gyrus. J Cogn Neurosci. 2018 Mar;30(3):411-420. doi:
10.1162/jocn_a_01215. Epub 2017 Dec 6. PubMed PMID: 29211650; PubMed Central
PMCID: PMC5819756.
)).

===== Pathology =====

Removal of [[glioma]] from the [[dominant side]] of the inferior frontal gyrus ([[IFG]]) is associated with a risk of permanent [[language dysfunction]]. While intraoperative cortical and subcortical electrical stimulations can be used for functional language mapping in an effort to reduce the risk of postoperative neurological impairment, the extent of resection is limited by the functional boundaries. Recent reports proposed that a two-stage surgical approach for low-grade glioma in eloquent areas could avoid permanent deficits via the functional [[plasticity]] that occurs between the two operations. 

In a patient with World Health Organization (WHO) grade II oligoastrocytoma in the [[left inferior frontal gyrus]], in functional plasticity of language occurred in the interval between two consecutive surgeries. Intraoperative electrical stimulations suggested that a language area and related subcortical fiber crossed the pre-central sulcus during tumor progression owing to functional plasticity. In the present case, the authors integrated neurophysiological data into the intraoperative neuronavigation system. They also confirmed the peri-lesional shift of language area and related subcortical fiber on image findings. Consequently, the tumor was sub-totally removed with two separate resections. Permanent language disturbance did not occur, and this favorable outcome was attributed to functional plasticity. The present experience sustains the multistage approach for low-grade gliomas in the language area. A combination of intraoperative electrical stimulations and updated neuronavigation may facilitate the characterization of brain functional plasticity
((Saito T, Muragaki Y, Miura I, Tamura M, Maruyama T, Nitta M, Kurisu K, Iseki
H, Okada Y. Functional Plasticity of Language Confirmed with Intraoperative
Electrical Stimulations and Updated Neuronavigation: Case Report of Low-Grade
Glioma of the Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2014 Feb 28. 
[Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 24584281.)).
----
In an event-related fMRI study of overt speech production, Pützer et al. investigated the relationship between gestural complexity and underlying brain activity within the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). They operationalized gestural complexity as the number of active articulatory tiers (glottal, oral, nasal) and the degree of fine-grained temporal coordination between tiers (low, high). Forty-three neurotypical participants produced three types of highly-frequent non-word CV-syllable sequences, which differ systematically in gestural complexity (simple: ['dadada], intermediate: ['tatata], complex: ['nanana]). Comparing blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) responses across complexity conditions revealed that syllables with greater gestural complexity elicited increased activation patterns. Moreover, when durational parameters were included as covariates in the analyses, significant effects of articulatory effort were found over and above the effects of complexity. The results suggest that these differences in BOLD-response reflect the differential contribution of articulatory mechanisms that are required to produce phonologically distinct speech sounds
((Pützer M, Moringlane JR, Sikos L, Reith W, Krick CM. fMRI and acoustic
analyses reveal neural correlates of gestural complexity and articulatory effort 
within bilateral inferior frontal gyrus during speech production.
Neuropsychologia. 2019 Jun 22;132:107129. doi:
10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107129. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
31238044.
)).

===== References =====