=====Image guided intracranial sonography=====

Image guidance (IG) could simplify secure vessel identification and reduce interinvestigator and intrainvestigator variability. 

====Systems====

The [[Kolibri IG system]] 

====Indications====

It is a practical supporting method for the resection of intracranial [[metastasis]], but further studies comparing this method with other intraoperative exams are needed to evaluate its actual contribution and reliability
((Picarelli H, Oliveira Mde L, Bor-Seng-Shu E, Ribas ES, Santos AM, Teixeira MJ.
Intraoperative ultrasonography for presumed brain metastases: a case series
study. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2012 Oct;70(10):793-8. PubMed PMID: 23060106.)).

Misinterpretation of the vascular source of the Doppler signal is a common source of errors in conventional TCD. Visualization of the vascular anatomy by image guidance offers improved accuracy and reliability of TCD results and may positively influence the learning curve for inexperienced investigators
((Neulen A, Greke C, Prokesch E, König J, Wertheimer D, Giese A. Image guidance 
to improve reliability and data integrity of transcranial Doppler sonography.
Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2013 Aug;115(8):1382-8. doi:
10.1016/j.clineuro.2012.12.025. Epub 2013 Jan 22. PubMed PMID: 23347687.))

Although the [[skull]] limits applicability of [[sonography]], bedside intracranial endosonography might be an alternative to [[computed tomography]] scans to detect [[adverse event]]s in [[patient]] with [[sedation]]. 

IGIS was evaluated in a cranial phantom and a porcine intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) model. Two anesthetized animals underwent an initial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, followed by placement of an endosonography catheter in the frontal lobe. After anatomic imaging, an experimental ICH was placed in the contralateral hemisphere. B-scan imaging, duplex, Doppler sonography, and a second MRI were performed. A standard image-guiding device tracked the ultrasound catheter.

Endosonography provided high-definition imaging of intracranial structures. Image guidance allowed direction of the catheter to and intuitive identification of anatomic structures. Doppler imaging allowed analysis of blood flow in intracranial vessels. Ultrasound imaging was used to monitor evolution of ICH and the resulting brain edema in real-time. Coregistration of ultrasound and MRI images acquired after ICH placement demonstrated the high accuracy of the spatial resolution of IGIS(largest mismatch <5 mm).

IGIS provides high-definition images of intracranial structures, Doppler analysis of blood flow, and real-time monitoring of intracranial structural lesions. IGIS might prove a valuable tool for intracranial monitoring of sedated patients over extended time periods
((Keric N, Kantelhardt SR, Neulen A, Dechent P, Henning A, Vollmer FC, Thiemann I, Giese A. Image-guided intracranial endosonography. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol.2013 Jul;25(3):317-23. doi: 10.1097/ANA.0b013e31828cb27e. PubMed PMID: 23552276.)).