====== Hyperprolactinemia ======

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Hyperprolactinaemia or hyperprolactinemia (HP) is the presence of abnormally high levels of [[prolactin]] in the blood. Normal levels are less than 500 mIU/L [20 ng/mL or µg/L] for women, and less than 450 mIU/L for men.

===== Etiology =====

[[Hyperprolactinemia Etiology]]


===== Clinical Features =====
see [[Lactotroph adenoma clinical features]].

===== Differential diagnosis =====


1. pregnancy-related

a) during pregnancyb: 10–400 ng/ml

b) postpartum: PRL decreases ≈ 50% (to ≈ 100 ng/ml) in the first week postpartum, and is usually back to
normal in 3 weeks

c) in the lactating female: suckling increases PRL, which is critical for lactogenesis (once initiated,
nonpregnant PRL levels can maintain lactation).

First 2–3 months postpartum: basal PRL = 40–50 ng/ml, suckling → increases × 10–20. 3–6 months
postpartum: basal PRL levels become normal or slightly elevated, and double with suckling. PRL should
normalize by 6 months after weaning

2. pituitary neuroendocrine tumor

a) prolactinoma: larger prolactin microadenomas and macroadenomas usually produce PRL > 100 ng/ml

b) stalk effect (p. 753): rule of thumb, the percent chance of an elevated PRL being due to a prolactinoma
is equal to one half the PRL level

c) some tumors secrete both PRL and GH

3. drugs: dopamine receptor antagonists (e.g. phenothiazines, metoclopramide), oral contraceptives
(estrogens), tricyclic antidepressants, verapamil, H2 antagonists (e.g. ranitidine), some SSRIs, in particular
paroxetine (Paxil®)

4. primary hypothyroidism: TRH, a prolactin releasing factor (PRF) (p. 165), will be elevated

5. empty sella syndrome 

6. transient elevations in human serum prolactin (HSP) levels occur following 80% of generalized motor, 45%
of complex partial, and only 15% of simple partial seizures.16 Peak levels are reached in 15–20 minutes, and
gradually return to baseline over the subsequent hour.

7. breast or chest-wall trauma/surgery: usually ≤ 50 ng/ml

8. excessive exercise: usually ≤ 50 ng/ml

9. stress: in some cases the stress of having the blood test is enough to elevate PRL, anorexia nervosa

10. ectopic secretion: reported in renal cell or hepatocellular tumors, uterine fibroids, lymphomas

11. infiltrating hypothalamic tumors

12. renal failure

13. cirrhosis

14. macroprolactinemia:
===== Treatment =====

[[Hyperprolactinemia treatment]].

===== Complications =====
 Hyperprolactinemia (HPRL) and [[polycystic ovary syndrome]] (PCOS) are common causes of [[infertility]] in women of reproductive age.