====== 🦠 Human Papillomavirus Type 16 (HPV16) ======

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[[Human papillomavirus]] type 16 (HPV16) is a high-risk oncogenic strain of the human papillomavirus (HPV) family, with a strong tropism for squamous epithelial cells and a well-established role in the development of several human cancers.

Clinical significance:

HPV16 is the most carcinogenic HPV subtype.

It is responsible for approximately:

50–60% of cervical squamous cell carcinomas,

85–90% of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers,

and a substantial proportion of anal, vulvar, vaginal, and penile cancers.

Oncogenic mechanism:

HPV16 encodes the E6 and E7 oncoproteins, which respectively inactivate tumor suppressor proteins p53 and Rb, leading to cellular immortalization, genomic instability, and malignant transformation.

Transmission:

Primarily through sexual contact.

Persistent infection with high-risk types such as HPV16 is the key factor for oncogenesis.

Detection:

Identified by PCR-based HPV genotyping, in situ hybridization, or immunohistochemistry (e.g., p16 overexpression as a surrogate marker).

Prevention:

Highly effective vaccines (e.g., bivalent, quadrivalent, and nonavalent) include coverage for HPV16 and can prevent associated malignancies when administered prior to exposure.