====== High-mobility group AT-hook protein 2 (HMGA2) ====== 
Is an architectural transcription factor associated with malignancy, invasiveness, and poor prognosis in a variety of human neoplasms. 

HMGA2 allows expressions of [[FOXM1]] and PLAU to maintain GIC propagation, gliomagenesis and aggressiveness both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, suppressing HMGA2-mediated GIC self-renewal and invasiveness might be a promising means to treat GBMs
((Zhong X, Liu X, Li Y, Cheng M, Wang W, Tian K, Mu L, Zeng T, Liu Y, Jiang X,
Yu L, Gao L, Zhou Y. HMGA2 sustains self-renewal and invasiveness of
glioma-initiating cells. Oncotarget. 2016 Jul 12;7(28):44365-44380. doi:
10.18632/oncotarget.9744. PubMed PMID: 27259253; PubMed Central PMCID:
PMC5190103.
)).
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The genetic variations of the [[miRNA]]s genes related with HMGA2 and [[AIP]] genes were not seen in a study of . Although there is no relationship between HMGA2-rs1351394 polymorphism and [[acromegaly]] disease, T allele was associated with some clinical features related to [[adenoma]] in patients with acromegaly
((Armagan DM, Akdemir AS, Ozkaya HM, et al. SNPs of miR-23b, miR-107 and HMGA2 and their Relations with the Response to Medical Treatment in Acromegaly Patients [published online ahead of print, 2020 Aug 24]. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2020;10.1055/a-1185-9121. doi:10.1055/a-1185-9121)).
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Jia et al. aimed to explore the function of [[verbascoside]] (VB) in [[GBM]] and its effects on GBM cell biological processes via let-7g-5p and [[HMGA2]]. Differentially expressed GBM-related [[microRNA]]s ([[miRNA]]s) were initially screened. Different concentrations of VB were applied to [[U87]] and [[U251]] GBM cells, and 50 µmol/L of VB was selected for subsequent experiments. Cells were transfected with let-7g-5p inhibitor or mimic, and overexpression of [[HMGA2]] or siRNA against HMGA2 was induced, followed by treatment with VB. The regulatory relationships between VB, let-7g-5p, HMGA2 and Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway were determined. The results showed that HMGA2 was a direct target gene of let-7g-5p. VB treatment or let-7g-5p overexpression inhibited HMGA2 expression and the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway, which further inhibited cell viability, invasion, migration, tumour growth and promoted GBM cell apoptosis and autophagy. On the contrary, HMGA2 overexpression promoted cell viability, invasion, migration, tumour growth while inhibiting GBM cell apoptosis and autophagy. We demonstrated that VB inhibits cell viability and promotes cell autophagy in GBM cells by up-regulating let-7g-5p and down-regulating HMGA2 via Wnt/β-catenin signalling blockade
((Jia WQ, Zhu JW, Yang CY, Ma J, Pu TY, Han GQ, Zou MM, Xu RX. Verbascoside
inhibits progression of glioblastoma cells by promoting Let-7g-5p and
down-regulating HMGA2 via Wnt/beta-catenin signalling blockade. J Cell Mol Med.
2020 Jan 30. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.14884. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
32000296.
)).
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Expression of HMGA2 in 78 human gliomas and 7 human normal brain samples was studied using immunohistochemistry, and 29 gliomas were randomly selected and studied along with the normal brain by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Expression of HMGA2 protein was significantly higher in glioblastoma multiforme (World Health Organization [WHO] grade IV; P = .007) and anaplastic astrocytoma (WHO grade III; P = .037) than in diffuse astrocytoma (WHO grade II). Expression of HMGA2 correlated significantly with expression of Ki-67 (r = 0.415, P < .01) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (r = 0.363, P < .01), but not with patient sex and age. The real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis revealed similar results. Patients with tumors expressing HMGA2 at a higher level had a significantly shorter progression-free survival time (11.2months versus 18.8months; P = .021). Expression of HMGA2 significantly correlates with tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and survival in gliomas. The results suggest that HMGA2 has an important role in the treatment and prognosis of these cancers
((Liu B, Pang B, Hou X, Fan H, Liang N, Zheng S, Feng B, Liu W, Guo H, Xu S,
Pang Q. Expression of high-mobility group AT-hook protein 2 and its prognostic
significance in malignant gliomas. Hum Pathol. 2014 May 8. pii:
S0046-8177(14)00188-9. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.02.028. [Epub ahead of print] 
PubMed PMID: 24935062.)).


Zhang K, Gao H, Wu X, Wang J, Zhou W, Sun G, Wang J, Wang Y, Mu B, Kim C,
Chu P, Ho DM, Ann DK, Wong TT, Yen Y. Frequent overexpression of [[HMGA2]] in human
atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor and its correlation with let-7a3/let-7b miRNA.
Clin Cancer Res. 2014 Mar 1;20(5):1179-89. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-1452.
Epub 2014 Jan 14. Erratum in: Clin Cancer Res. 2017 Jun 15;23 (12 ):3225. PubMed 
PMID: 24423609.