===== Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) =====

{{rss>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rss/search/1hAmdQvDK72WTOGQ1LKk_BC_NylTvx9Lit_h3nocrRmPmUNMmF/?limit=15&utm_campaign=pubmed-2&fc=20241218024620}}

Hierarchical [[Linear Modeling]] (HLM), also known as multilevel modeling or mixed-effects modeling, is a statistical technique used to analyze data that is organized at more than one level. It is particularly useful for analyzing data with a nested structure, such as students within classrooms, patients within hospitals, or repeated measures within individuals.

==== Key Concepts in HLM ====
  * **Hierarchical Data Structure**:
    * Data is organized into levels. For example, in educational research:
      * Level 1: Individual students (within classrooms).
      * Level 2: Classrooms (within schools).
      * Level 3: Schools (within districts).
  * **Random Effects and Fixed Effects**:
    * **Fixed Effects**: Parameters that are constant across all units (e.g., the effect of a treatment).
    * **Random Effects**: Parameters that vary across units or groups (e.g., differences between schools or classrooms).
  * **Modeling Variance**:
    * HLM accounts for variance at each level of the hierarchy.
    * For example, in the student-classroom model, HLM estimates:
      * Variance among students within classrooms.
      * Variance among classrooms.
  * **Cross-level Interactions**:
    * HLM allows for the examination of interactions between variables at different levels (e.g., how classroom-level characteristics influence the relationship between student-level predictors and outcomes).

==== Components of HLM ====
  * **Level-1 Model**:
    * Describes the relationships among variables within the lowest-level units (e.g., students).
    * Example: \\( Y_{ij} = \beta_{0j} + \beta_{1j}X_{ij} + e_{ij} \\)
      * \\( Y_{ij} \\): Outcome for individual \\( i \\) in group \\( j \\).
      * \\( \beta_{0j} \\): Intercept for group \\( j \\).
      * \\( \beta_{1j} \\): Slope for predictor \\( X \\).
      * \\( e_{ij} \\): Residual error for individual \\( i \\).
  * **Level-2 Model**:
    * Models variation in Level-1 parameters across higher-level units (e.g., classrooms).
    * Example: 
      * \\( \beta_{0j} = \gamma_{00} + \gamma_{01}W_j + u_{0j} \\)
      * \\( \beta_{1j} = \gamma_{10} + \gamma_{11}W_j + u_{1j} \\)
      * \\( W_j \\): Predictor at the group level (e.g., classroom characteristics).
  * **Combined Model**:
    * Integrates Level-1 and Level-2 models into a single equation.

==== Applications of HLM ====
  * **Education**:
    * Assessing how school-level policies influence student-level outcomes.
    * Analyzing teacher effects within schools.
  * **Healthcare**:
    * Evaluating patient outcomes within hospitals or clinics.
    * Studying the effects of treatments across different patient populations.
  * **Psychology**:
    * Examining repeated measures data (e.g., longitudinal studies).
  * **Sociology**:
    * Understanding neighborhood effects on individual behavior.

==== Advantages of HLM ====
  * Accounts for nested data structures, avoiding biases in standard regression models.
  * Handles unbalanced data (e.g., different numbers of students in classrooms).
  * Estimates group-level and individual-level effects simultaneously.
  * Allows for the examination of cross-level interactions.

==== Software for HLM ====
  * **Specialized Software**:
    * HLM software by SSI.
  * **General [[Statistical Software]]**:
    * [[R]] (packages like ''lme4'' and ''nlme'').
    * [[Python]] (libraries like ''statsmodels'').
    * [[SPSS]] (Mixed Models).
    * [[SAS]] (PROC MIXED).
    * [[Stata]] (Mixed Effects).

If you have a specific dataset or research question in mind, I can help with further guidance on implementing HLM. Let me know!