====== Heart failure ======

Due to various possible causes, blood moves through the heart and body at a slower rate, and pressure in the heart increases. As a result, the heart cannot pump enough [[oxygen]] and [[nutrient]]s to meet the body's needs. The chambers of the heart may respond by stretching to hold more blood to pump through the body or by becoming stiff and thickened. This helps to keep the blood moving, but the heart muscle walls may eventually weaken and become unable to pump as efficiently. As a result, the kidneys may respond by causing the body to retain fluid (water) and salt. If fluid builds up in the arms, legs, ankles, feet, lungs, or other organs, the body becomes congested, and congestive heart failure is the term used to describe the condition.

===== Neurosurgery =====

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[[Mitigation]] of cardiac [[autonomic dysregulation]] by [[neuromodulation]] technologies is emerging as a new therapeutic [[modality]] of [[heart failure]] (HF). This [[progress]] has necessitated the [[identification]] of a [[biomarker]] for the [[quantification]] of sympathovagal [[balance]], the potential target of 'neuromodulation' strategies. The currently available [[autonomic nervous system]] assessment parameters do not truly reflect the sympathovagal balance of the [[ventricle]]. [[Protein kinase A]] (PKA) is an intracellular enzyme that plays a major role in the [[pathophysiology]] of functional and structural ventricular remodeling in HF. Interestingly, sympathetic and parasympathetic activations exert reciprocal [[influence]] on the [[activity]] of PKA
((Chakraborty P, Po SS, Yabluchanskiy A, Dasari TW. [[Protein kinase A]]: A potential [[marker]] of sympathovagal [[imbalance]] in [[heart failure]]. Life Sci. 2023 Sep 2:122069. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122069. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37666387.)).