====== Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis ======


Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) is a rare, usually fatal, subacute-to-chronic central nervous system disease caused by certain species of free-living amoebae of the genera Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia and Sappinia pedata. The term is most commonly used with Acanthamoeba.
----
Douglas CE, Haynie ML, Weinberg GA, Johnson MD, Bharadwaj R, Williams ZR. Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis Mimicking Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder. J Neuroophthalmol. 2021 Jul 1. doi: 10.1097/WNO.0000000000001295. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34224531.
----

2: Lee JY, Yu IK, Kim SM, Kim JH, Kim HY. Fulminant Disseminating Fatal
Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis: The First Case Report in an Immunocompetent
Patient in South Korea. Yonsei Med J. 2021 Jun;62(6):563-567. doi:
10.3349/ymj.2021.62.6.563. PMID: 34027644; PMCID: PMC8149926.

3: Suzuki T, Okamoto K, Genkai N, Kakita A, Abe H. A homogeneously enhancing
mass evolving into multiple hemorrhagic and necrotic lesions in amoebic
encephalitis with necrotizing vasculitis. Clin Imaging. 2020 Mar;60(1):48-52.
doi: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2019.10.015. Epub 2019 Nov 28. PMID: 31864199.

4: Cabello-Vílchez AM, Chura-Araujo MA, Anicama Lima WE, Vela C, Asencio AY,
García H, Del Carmen Garaycochea M, Náquira C, Rojas E, Martínez DY. Fatal
granulomatous amoebic encephalitis due to free-living amoebae in two boys in two
different hospitals in Lima, Perú. Neuropathology. 2020 Apr;40(2):180-184. doi:
10.1111/neup.12617. Epub 2019 Nov 22. PMID: 31758593.

5: Modica S, Miracco C, Cusi MG, Tordini G, Muzii VF, Iacoangeli F, Nocentini C,
Ali IKM, Roy S, Cerase A, Zanelli G, De Luca A, Montagnani F. Non-granulomatous
cerebellar infection by Acanthamoeba spp. in an immunocompetent host. Infection.
2018 Dec;46(6):885-889. doi: 10.1007/s15010-018-1231-4. Epub 2018 Oct 4. PMID:
30288678.

6: Nehete LS, Kumar A, Chavali P, A R P, Devi BI. Fulminant acanthamoebic
meningoencephalitis in immunocompetent patients: an uncommon entity. Br J
Neurosurg. 2018 Jul 23:1-4. doi: 10.1080/02688697.2018.1485873. Epub ahead of
print. PMID: 30032671.

7: Matsui T, Maeda T, Kusakabe S, Arita H, Yagita K, Morii E, Kanakura Y. A case
report of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis by Group 1 Acanthamoeba genotype
T18 diagnosed by the combination of morphological examination and genetic
analysis. Diagn Pathol. 2018 May 10;13(1):27. doi: 10.1186/s13000-018-0706-z.
PMID: 29747695; PMCID: PMC5943995.

8: Doan N, Rozansky G, Nguyen HS, Gelsomino M, Shabani S, Mueller W, Johnson V.
Granulomatous amebic encephalitis following hematopoietic stem cell
transplantation. Surg Neurol Int. 2015 Oct 7;6(Suppl 18):S459-62. doi:
10.4103/2152-7806.166788. PMID: 26539322; PMCID: PMC4604647.

9: Moriarty P, Burke C, McCrossin D, Campbell R, Cherian S, Shahab MS,
Visvesvara GS, Nourse C. Balamuthia mandrillaris Encephalitis: Survival of a
Child With Severe Meningoencephalitis and Review of the Literature. J Pediatric
Infect Dis Soc. 2014 Mar;3(1):e4-9. doi: 10.1093/jpids/pit033. Epub 2013 Jul 3.
PMID: 26624913.

10: LaFleur M, Joyner D, Schlakman B, Orozco-Castillo L, Khan M. Balamuthia
mandrillaris meningoencephalitis associated with solid organ transplantation--
review of cases. J Radiol Case Rep. 2013 Sep 1;7(9):9-18. doi:
10.3941/jrcr.v7i9.1356. PMID: 24421953; PMCID: PMC3888185.

11: Stidd DA, Root B, Weinand ME, Anton R. Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis
caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris in an immunocompetent girl. World Neurosurg.
2012 Dec;78(6):715.e7-12. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2011.10.040. Epub 2011 Nov 1.
PMID: 22120559.

12: Yamasaki K, Sugimoto T, Futami M, Moriyama T, Uehara H, Takeshima H,
Moriguchi S, Marutsuka K, Asada Y. Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis caused by
Balamuthia mandrillaris. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2011;51(9):667-70. doi:
10.2176/nmc.51.667. PMID: 21946735.

13: Orozco LD, Khan MA, Fratkin JD, Hanigan WC. Asymptomatic aneurysm of the
cavernous and supraclinoid internal carotid artery in a patient with Balamuthia
mandrillaris encephalitis. J Clin Neurosci. 2011 Aug;18(8):1118-20. doi:
10.1016/j.jocn.2010.11.033. Epub 2011 Jun 8. PMID: 21652212.

14: Reddy R, Vijayasaradhi M, Uppin MS, Challa S, Jabeen A, Borghain R.
Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis in an immunocompetent patient: an autopsy case
report. Neuropathology. 2011 Apr;31(2):183-7. doi:
10.1111/j.1440-1789.2010.01151.x. PMID: 20667014.

15: Sarica FB, Tufan K, Cekinmez M, Erdoğan B, Altinörs MN. A rare but fatal
case of granulomatous amebic encephalitis with brain abscess: the first case
reported from Turkey. Turk Neurosurg. 2009 Jul;19(3):256-9. PMID: 19621290.

16: Galarza M, Cuccia V, Sosa FP, Monges JA. Pediatric granulomatous cerebral
amebiasis: a delayed diagnosis. Pediatr Neurol. 2002 Feb;26(2):153-6. doi:
10.1016/s0887-8994(01)00360-5. PMID: 11897483.