====== Glioblastoma History ======

The first recorded reports of gliomas were given in British scientific reports, by Berns in 1800 and in 1804 by Abernety
((Stoyanov GS, Dzhenkov DL. On the Concepts and History of Glioblastoma Multiforme - Morphology, Genetics and Epigenetics. Folia Med (Plovdiv). 2018 Mar 1;60(1):48-66. doi: 10.1515/folmed-2017-0069. PMID: 29668458.))

During the early 19th century, [[glioblastoma]] was considered of [[mesenchyma]]l origin and was defined as a [[sarcoma]]. 
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In [[1863]], [[Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow]] demonstrated its [[glia]]l origin
((Virchow R. Pathologie In Die Krankhaften Geschwülste. Berlin. 1864-1865.))
, and in [[1914]] Mallory proposed the term [[glioblastoma multiforme]]. However, it was not until [[1925]] that Globus and Strass presented a complete description of the neoplasm, at which point the most common term became [[spongioblastoma multiforme]]. Finally, in [[1926]], [[Percival Bailey]] and [[Harvey Cushing]] successfully reintroduced the term originally proposed by Mallory: glioblastoma multiforme, based on the idea that the tumor originates from primitive precursors of glial cells (glioblasts), and the highly variable appearance due to the presence of [[necrosis]], [[hemorrhage]] and [[cyst]]s (multiform).
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In the 1920s, [[Walter Edward Dandy]] took a radical step by removing the entire hemisphere of two comatose patients suffering from Glioblastoma.
Despite this intervention, these patients ultimately succumbed to the disease, providing the first evidence of how truly invasive Glioblastoma is 
((Dandy WE (1928) Removal of right cerebral hemisphere for certain
tumors with hemiplegia: preliminary report. JAMA 90:3)).
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Between 1934 and 1941 the most prolific researcher in glioma research was Hans-Joachim Scherer.

He made the distinction between primary and secondary Glioblastomas and postulated some of the clinico-morphological aspects of Glioblastoma. With the introduction of molecular and genetic tests the true multifomity of Glioblastoma has been established, with different genotypes bearing the same histomorphological and IHC picture, as well as some of the aspects of gliomagenesis
((Stoyanov GS, Dzhenkov DL. On the Concepts and History of Glioblastoma
Multiforme - Morphology, Genetics and Epigenetics. Folia Med (Plovdiv). 2018 Mar 
1;60(1):48-66. doi: 10.1515/folmed-2017-0069. Review. PubMed PMID: 29668458.
)).
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In 1976 the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O) was created by the WHO for recording the incidence of malignancy and survival.
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In 1993, Glioblastoma was removed from its original category and placed in the spectrum of “Astrocytic Tumours” and is classed as WHO grade IV astrocytoma.
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The [[World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System 2007]] nomenclature omited “multiforme”
((Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK, Bosman FT, Ja e ES, Lakhani SR, Ohgaki H. WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous syst e m . Lyon 2007)).
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While [[glioblastoma]] was historically classified as [[isocitrate dehydrogenase]] (IDH)-[[wildtype]] and [[IDH]]-mutant groups, the Consortium to Inform Molecular and Practical Approaches to CNS Tumor Taxonomy ([[cIMPACT-NOW]]) and the [[World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System 2021]] clearly updated the nomenclature to reflect glioblastoma to be compatible with wildtype IDH status only. Therefore, glioblastoma is now defined as "a diffuse, astrocytic [[glioma]] that is IDH-wildtype and [[H3]]-wildtype and has one or more of the following histological or genetic features: [[microvascular proliferation]], [[necrosis]], [[TERT promoter mutation]], [[Epidermal growth factor receptor]] [[gene amplification]], +7/-10 [[chromosome]] copy-number changes (CNS WHO grade 4)
((Chen J, Han P, Dahiya S. Glioblastoma: Changing concepts in the WHO CNS5 classification. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2022 May;65(Supplement):S24-S32. doi: 10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_1109_21. PMID: 35562131.)).
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In 2022 although survival has not substantially improved, major advances have been made in our understanding of the underlying [[biology]]. It has become clear that these devastating tumors recapitulate features of neurodevelopmental hierarchies which are influenced by the [[microenvironment]]. Emerging evidence also highlights a prominent role for injury responses in steering cellular phenotypes and contributing to tumor heterogeneity
((Brooks LJ, Simpson Ragdale H, Hill CS, Clements M, Parrinello S. Injury programs shape glioblastoma. Trends Neurosci. 2022 Sep 8:S0166-2236(22)00163-1. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.08.006. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36089406.))
===== References =====