====== Gender ======

Gender is the range of characteristics pertaining to and differentiating between, masculinity and femininity. Depending on the context, these characteristics may include biological sex (i.e. the state of being [[male]], [[female]], or intersex), sex-based social structures (including gender roles and other social roles), or gender identity.
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Studies have shown an increased [[risk]] of [[traumatic brain injury]] (TBI) for individuals who suffer an initial [[TBI]]. 

A [[study]] of Hayward et al., [[St. John Hospital & Medical Center]], [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], [[USA]] hypothesized that individuals with [[recurrent]] [[neurotrauma]] would originate from populations considered 'vulnerable', i.e. low income and/or with [[neuropsychiatric disorder]]s.

Data from the [[Michigan]] State Inpatient [[Database]] from 2006 to 2014 for the [[Detroit]] metropolitan area enlisted a study population of 50 744 patients with [[neurotrauma]]. [[Binary logistic regression]] was used to assess [[risk factor]]s associated with admission for subsequent neurotrauma compared with single neurotrauma admission.

Patients with repeated neurotrauma admissions were similar to those with one-time trauma in terms of age at first admission and neighbourhood income levels. However, patients with repeated neurotrauma admissions were more likely to be [[male]] (p < .001) and African-American (p < .001). Comorbid [[alcohol]] use and drug use were 39% and 15% less likely to be readmitted with neurotrauma, respectively. Comorbid conditions associated with greater risk of repeat neurotrauma included [[depression]], [[psychosis]], and neurological disorders, increasing risk by 38%, 22%, and 58%, respectively.

This study validated the [[hypothesis]] that comorbid [[psychiatric]] conditions are a significant risk factor for recurrent neurotrauma and validate prior studies showing [[gender]] and [[race]] as significant risk factors.
((Hayward RD, Fessler MM, Buck J, Fessler RD. Risk factors for recurrent
neurotrauma: a population-based study in Southeastern Michigan. Brain Inj. 2018
Jun 18:1-4. doi: 10.1080/02699052.2018.1487584. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed
PMID: 29913083.
)).

====== Gender disparity ======
[[Gender disparity]]
===== Gender equity =====

see [[Gender equity]]

===== Workplace discrimination =====

see [[Workplace discrimination]].