FLNA ([[filamin A]]) and ZYX ([[zyxin]]) proteins were significantly higher in Moyamoya Disease serum compared with those in health controls (Log2FC >2.9 and >2.8, respectively). [[Immunofluorescence]] revealed an intimal [[hyperplasia]] in the [[superficial temporal artery]] and middle cerebral artery specimens of MMD. FLNA and ZYX proteins increased the proportion of [[endothelial cell]]s in the [[S phase]] and promoted their [[proliferation]], [[angiogenesis]], and [[cytoskeleton]] enlargement. Mechanistic studies revealed that [[AKT]] (serine/threonine kinase)/GSK-3β (glycogen synthase kinase 3β)/β-catenin [[signaling pathway]] plays a major role in these FLNA- and ZYX-induced changes in endothelial cells.

This study provides proteomic data on a large sample size of MMD. The differential expression of FLNA and ZYX in patients with MMD and following in vitro experiments suggest that these upregulated proteins are related to the pathology of cerebrovascular intimal hyperplasia in MMD and are involved in [[Moyamoya Disease pathogenesis]], with diagnostic and therapeutic ramifications
((He S, Zhang J, Liu Z, Wang Y, Hao X, Wang X, Zhou Z, Ye X, Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Wang R. Upregulated Cytoskeletal Proteins Promote Pathological [[Angiogenesis]] in [[Moyamoya Disease]]. Stroke. 2023 Oct 27. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.123.044476. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37886851.)).
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Magaki et al. review the clinical and pathologic features of HPA and characterize the inclusions and brain tissue in which they are seen in surgical resection specimens from five patients with [[intractable epilepsy]] and HPA compared to five patients with intractable epilepsy without HPA using [[immunohistochemistry]] for [[filamin A]], previously shown to label these inclusions, and a variety of astrocytic markers including aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member L1 ([[ALDH1L1]]), SRY-Box Transcription Factor 9 ([[SOX9]]), and [[glutamate transporter 1]]/[[excitatory amino acid transporter 2]] (GLT-1/EAAT2) proteins. The inclusions were positive for [[ALDH1L1]] with increased ALDH1L1 expression in areas of [[gliosis]]. [[SOX9]] was also positive in the inclusions, although to a lesser intensity than the astrocyte nuclei. [[Filamin A]] labeled the inclusions but also labeled reactive astrocytes in a subset of patients. The immunoreactivity of the inclusions for various astrocytic markers and filamin A as well as the positivity of filamin A in reactive astrocytes raise the possibility that these astrocytic inclusions may be the result of an uncommon reactive or degenerative phenomenon
((Magaki S, Haeri M, Szymanski LJ, Chen Z, Diaz R, Williams CK, Chang JW, Ao Y, Newell KL, Khanlou N, Yong WH, Fallah A, Salamon N, Daniel T, Cotter J, Hawes D, Sofroniew M, Vinters HV. Hyaline protoplasmic astrocytopathy in epilepsy. Neuropathology. 2023 May 17. doi: 10.1111/neup.12909. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37198977.))