===== Distortion =====

**Distortion** refers to any **systematic alteration, misrepresentation, or deviation** from accurate or truthful representation of data, structure, signal, or interpretation in a scientific context.

==== Types of Distortion ====
  * **Data distortion**: Manipulation or misrepresentation of datasets (e.g. selective reporting, cherry-picking).
  * **Interpretative distortion**: Drawing conclusions not supported by the data; overgeneralization.
  * **Methodological distortion**: Applying a method inappropriately, leading to skewed or invalid results.
  * **Imaging distortion**: Artifacts or spatial inaccuracies introduced by equipment or reconstruction algorithms (e.g. in MRI or CT).
  * **Statistical distortion**: Misuse of statistical methods that bias outcomes (e.g. improper p-value interpretation).

==== Consequences ====
  * Misleading readers, clinicians, or policymakers.
  * Undermining reproducibility and scientific integrity.
  * Eroding public and academic trust in research.