====== Dental pulp stem cell ======

Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are a heterogeneous population of [[cell]]s isolated from the human permanent third molar pulp. These [[stem cell]]s have similar characteristics as MSCs with the major difference being that DPSCs can differentiate into dentin-forming odontoblast-like cells.
----
There is only one [[skull base chordoma]] [[cell line]], UM-chor1, freely available to researchers. The established TSK-CHO1 cells were neoplastic, exhibited pleomorphic features, and secreted brachyury, as revealed by immunocytochemical staining or ELISA of conditioned medium (CM). Cells also secreted SOX9, which enhanced brachyury production. The CM of TSK-CHO1 cells promoted the production of [[hyaluronic acid]] and type II collagen during the differentiation of human [[dental pulp stem cell]]s (DPSCs) into fibrocartilage cells. Culture of DPSC pellets in a growth medium supplemented with 10% CM of TSK-CHO1 cells for 2 weeks resulted in the induction of fibrocartilage tissue under normoxic conditions. Brachyury produced by TSK-CHO1 cells promoted the production of collagen type II, peculiar to cartilage, in a dose-dependent manner. The newly established skull base chordoma cell line, TSK-CHO1, is expected to be used for elucidating the pathogenesis of skull base chordoma and for investigating the mechanism underlying the production of [[fibrocartilage]]
((Kino H, Akutsu H, Ishikawa H, Takano S, Takaoka S, Toyomura J, Hara T, Ishikawa E, Matsumaru Y, Bukawa H, Matsumura A. Inducing substances for chondrogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells in the conditioned medium of a novel chordoma cell line. Hum Cell. 2022 Jan 31. doi: 10.1007/s13577-021-00662-5. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35098443.)).

----

A study aimed to determine whether dental pulp [[stem cell]]-derived [[exosome]]s (DPSC-Exos) exert protective effects against [[cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury]] and explore its underlying mechanism.

[[Materials]] and [[methods]]: [[Exosome]]s were isolated from the culture medium of human DPSC. Adult male [[C57BL/6]] [[mice]] were subjected to 2 hours transient [[middle cerebral artery occlusion]] (tMCAO) injury followed by 2 hours [[reperfusion]], after which singular injection of DPSC-Exos via tail vein was administrated. [[Brain edema]], [[cerebral infarction]] and neurological impairment were measured on day 7 after [[exosome]]s injection. Then, oxygen-glucose deprivation-reperfusion (OGD/R) induced BV2 cells were studied to analyze the therapeutic effects of DPSC-Exos on I/R injury in vitro. Protein levels of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB p65, HMGB1, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α were determined by western blot or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The cytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1 was detected by immunofluorescence staining.

[[Results]]: DPSC-Exos alleviated brain edema, [[cerebral infarction]] and neurological impairment in I/R mice. DPSC-Exos inhibited the I/R-mediated expression of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB significantly. DPSC-Exos also reduced the protein expression of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α compared with those of the control both in vitro and in vivo. Meanwhile, DPSC-Exos markedly decreased the HMGB1 cytoplasmic translocation induced by I/R damage.

[[Conclusion]]s: DPSC-Exos can ameliorate I/R-induced cerebral injury in mice. Its anti-inflammatory mechanism might be related to the inhibition of the [[HMGB1]]/[[TLR4]]/[[MYD88]]/[[NF-κB]] [[pathway]]
((Li S, Luo L, He Y, Li R, Xiang Y, Xing Z, Li Y, Albashari AA, Liao X, Zhang K, Gao L, Ye Q. Dental pulp stem cell-derived exosomes alleviate cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury through suppressing [[inflammatory response]]. Cell Prolif. 2021 Jul 7:e13093. doi: 10.1111/cpr.13093. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34231932.)).
----
Research aimed to evaluate the effects of dental pulp-derived stem cells conditioned medium loaded in collagen hydrogel in SCI. After culturing of Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs), SHED-conditioned medium (SHED-CM) was harvested and concentrated. Collagen hydrogel containing SHED-CM was prepared. The rats were divided into five groups receiving laminectomy, compressive SCI with or without intraspinal injection of biomaterials (SHED-CM and collagen hydrogel with or without SHED-CM). After 6 weeks, histological parameters were estimated using stereological methods. The total volume of preserved white matter and gray matter (p < 0.05), as well as the total number of neurons and oligodendrocytes in the rats, received SHED-CM loaded in collagen hydrogel were significantly higher, and also lesion volume and lesion length were significantly lower (p < 0.05) compared to those of the other injured groups. In conclusion, intraspinal administration of SHED-CM loaded in collagen hydrogel leads to neuroprotection, proposing a cell-free therapeutic approach in SCI
((Asadi-Golshan R, Razban V, Mirzaei E, Rahmanian A, Khajeh S, Mostafavi-Pour
Z, Dehghani F. Efficacy of dental pulp-derived stem cells conditioned medium
loaded in collagen hydrogel in spinal cord injury in rats: Stereological
evidence. J Chem Neuroanat. 2021 Jun 24;116:101978. doi:
10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.101978. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34098013.)).
----


3: Kenmochi H, Yamasaki T, Koizumi S, Sameshima T, Namba H. Nicotine does not
affect stem cell properties requisite for suicide gene therapy against glioma.
Neurol Res. 2020 Oct;42(10):818-827. doi: 10.1080/01616412.2020.1782123. Epub
2020 Jun 26. PMID: 32588772.

4: Chen YR, Lai PL, Chien Y, Lee PH, Lai YH, Ma HI, Shiau CY, Wang KC.
Improvement of Impaired Motor Functions by Human Dental Exfoliated Deciduous
Teeth Stem Cell-Derived Factors in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol
Sci. 2020 May 27;21(11):3807. doi: 10.3390/ijms21113807. Erratum in: Int J Mol
Sci. 2021 Jan 25;22(3): PMID: 32471263; PMCID: PMC7312764.

5: Min S, Kim K, Ku S, Park JY, Seo J, Roh S. Newly synthesized peptide, Ara-27,
exhibits significant improvement in cell-penetrating ability compared to
conventional peptides. Biotechnol Prog. 2020 Sep;36(5):e3014. doi:
10.1002/btpr.3014. Epub 2020 Jun 11. PMID: 32374475.

6: Chen TF, Chen KW, Chien Y, Lai YH, Hsieh ST, Ma HY, Wang KC, Shiau CY. Dental
Pulp Stem Cell-Derived Factors Alleviate Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-Induced
Neuroinflammation and Ischemic Neurological Deficits. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jul
31;20(15):3747. doi: 10.3390/ijms20153747. PMID: 31370244; PMCID: PMC6695587.

7: Watanabe M, Ohyama A, Ishikawa H, Tanaka A. Correction to: Three-dimensional
bone formation including vascular networks derived from dental pulp stem cells
in vitro. Hum Cell. 2019 Jul;32(3):401. doi: 10.1007/s13577-019-00250-8. Erratum
for: Hum Cell. 2019 Apr;32(2):114-124. PMID: 30989615.

8: Yokoyama T, Yagi Mendoza H, Tanaka T, Ii H, Takano R, Yaegaki K, Ishikawa H.
Regulation of CCl<sub>4</sub>-induced liver cirrhosis by hepatically
differentiated human dental pulp stem cells. Hum Cell. 2019 Apr;32(2):125-140.
doi: 10.1007/s13577-018-00234-0. Epub 2019 Jan 12. PMID: 30637566.

9: Okuwa Y, Toriumi T, Nakayama H, Ito T, Otake K, Kurita K, Nakashima M, Honda
M. Transplantation effects of dental pulp-derived cells on peripheral nerve
regeneration in crushed sciatic nerve injury. J Oral Sci. 2018;60(4):526-535.
doi: 10.2334/josnusd.17-0462. PMID: 30587687.

10: Watanabe M, Ohyama A, Ishikawa H, Tanaka A. Three-dimensional bone formation
including vascular networks derived from dental pulp stem cells in vitro. Hum
Cell. 2019 Apr;32(2):114-124. doi: 10.1007/s13577-018-00228-y. Epub 2018 Dec 6.
Erratum in: Hum Cell. 2019 Jul;32(3):401. PMID: 30523537.

11: Ohkoshi S, Hirono H, Nakahara T, Ishikawa H. Dental pulp cell bank as a
possible future source of individual hepatocytes. World J Hepatol. 2018 Oct
27;10(10):702-707. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v10.i10.702. PMID: 30386463; PMCID:
PMC6206155.

12: Asadi-Golshan R, Razban V, Mirzaei E, Rahmanian A, Khajeh S, Mostafavi-Pour
Z, Dehghani F. Sensory and Motor Behavior Evidences Supporting the Usefulness of
Conditioned Medium from Dental Pulp-Derived Stem Cells in Spinal Cord Injury in
Rats. Asian Spine J. 2018 Oct;12(5):785-793. doi: 10.31616/asj.2018.12.5.785.
Epub 2018 Sep 10. PMID: 30213159; PMCID: PMC6147871.

13: Liu M, Zhao L, Hu J, Wang L, Li N, Wu D, Shi X, Yuan M, Hu W, Wang X.
Endothelial cells and endothelin‑1 promote the odontogenic differentiation of
dental pulp stem cells. Mol Med Rep. 2018 Jul;18(1):893-901. doi:
10.3892/mmr.2018.9033. Epub 2018 May 17. PMID: 29845193; PMCID: PMC6059721.

14: Ullah I, Park JM, Kang YH, Byun JH, Kim DG, Kim JH, Kang DH, Rho GJ, Park
BW. Transplantation of Human Dental Pulp-Derived Stem Cells or Differentiated
Neuronal Cells from Human Dental Pulp-Derived Stem Cells Identically Enhances
Regeneration of the Injured Peripheral Nerve. Stem Cells Dev. 2017 Sep
1;26(17):1247-1257. doi: 10.1089/scd.2017.0068. Epub 2017 Jul 25. PMID:
28657463.

15: Nam H, Kim GH, Bae YK, Jeong DE, Joo KM, Lee K, Lee SH. Angiogenic Capacity
of Dental Pulp Stem Cell Regulated by SDF-1<i>α</i>-CXCR4 Axis. Stem Cells Int.
2017;2017:8085462. doi: 10.1155/2017/8085462. Epub 2017 May 15. PMID: 28588623;
PMCID: PMC5447288.

16: Sander P, Mostafa H, Soboh A, Schneider JM, Pala A, Baron AK, Moepps B,
Wirtz CR, Georgieff M, Schneider M. Vacquinol-1 inducible cell death in
glioblastoma multiforme is counter regulated by TRPM7 activity induced by
exogenous ATP. Oncotarget. 2017 May 23;8(21):35124-35137. doi:
10.18632/oncotarget.16703. PMID: 28410232; PMCID: PMC5471040.

17: Zhai Y, Wei R, Liu J, Wang H, Cai W, Zhao M, Hu Y, Wang S, Yang T, Liu X,
Yang J, Liu S. Drug-induced premature senescence model in human dental follicle
stem cells. Oncotarget. 2017 Jan 31;8(5):7276-7293. doi:
10.18632/oncotarget.14085. PMID: 28030852; PMCID: PMC5352320.

18: Kim JH, Kim GH, Kim JW, Pyeon HJ, Lee JC, Lee G, Nam H. <i>In Vivo</i>
Angiogenic Capacity of Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth with
Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. Mol Cells. 2016 Nov 30;39(11):790-796.
doi: 10.14348/molcells.2016.0131. Epub 2016 Nov 18. PMID: 27871176; PMCID:
PMC5125934.

19: Lee HT, Chang HT, Lee S, Lin CH, Fan JR, Lin SZ, Hsu CY, Hsieh CH, Shyu WC.
Role of IGF1R(+) MSCs in modulating neuroplasticity via CXCR4 cross-interaction.
Sci Rep. 2016 Sep 2;6:32595. doi: 10.1038/srep32595. PMID: 27586516; PMCID:
PMC5009335.

20: Nagpal A, Kremer KL, Hamilton-Bruce MA, Kaidonis X, Milton AG, Levi C, Shi
S, Carey L, Hillier S, Rose M, Zacest A, Takhar P, Koblar SA. TOOTH (The Open
study Of dental pulp stem cell Therapy in Humans): Study protocol for evaluating
safety and feasibility of autologous human adult dental pulp stem cell therapy
in patients with chronic disability after stroke. Int J Stroke. 2016
Jul;11(5):575-85. doi: 10.1177/1747493016641111. Epub 2016 Mar 30. PMID:
27030504.

21: Mead B, Logan A, Berry M, Leadbeater W, Scheven BA. Paracrine-mediated
neuroprotection and neuritogenesis of axotomised retinal ganglion cells by human
dental pulp stem cells: comparison with human bone marrow and adipose-derived
mesenchymal stem cells. PLoS One. 2014 Oct 7;9(10):e109305. doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0109305. PMID: 25290916; PMCID: PMC4188599.

22: Euler de Souza Lucena E, Guzen FP, Lopes de Paiva Cavalcanti JR, Galvão
Barboza CA, Silva do Nascimento Júnior E, Cavalcante Jde S. Experimental
considerations concerning the use of stem cells and tissue engineering for
facial nerve regeneration: a systematic review. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014
May;72(5):1001-12. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2013.11.006. Epub 2013 Nov 21. PMID:
24480768.

23: Annibali S, Bellavia D, Ottolenghi L, Cicconetti A, Cristalli MP, Quaranta
R, Pilloni A. Micro-CT and PET analysis of bone regeneration induced by
biodegradable scaffolds as carriers for dental pulp stem cells in a rat model of
calvarial "critical size" defect: Preliminary data. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl
Biomater. 2014 May;102(4):815-25. doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.33064. Epub 2013 Oct 21.
PMID: 24142538.

24: de Mendonça Costa A, Bueno DF, Martins MT, Kerkis I, Kerkis A, Fanganiello
RD, Cerruti H, Alonso N, Passos-Bueno MR. Reconstruction of large cranial
defects in nonimmunosuppressed experimental design with human dental pulp stem
cells. J Craniofac Surg. 2008 Jan;19(1):204-10. doi:
10.1097/scs.0b013e31815c8a54. PMID: 18216690.