====== Craniocervical junction and upper cervical spine abnormalities ======


Abnormalities in this region are seen in a number of conditions including: [[rheumatoid arthritis]] 

traumatic & posttraumatic: including fractures of odontoid, occipital condyles...

[[ankylosing spondylitis]]: may result in fusion of the entire spine, which spares the occipitoatlantal and/or atlantoaxial joints, which can lead to instability there congenital conditions:

a) [[Chiari malformation]]s

b) [[Klippel Feil syndrome]] 

c) [[Down syndrome]]

d) [[atlantoaxial dislocation]](AAD)

e) [[occipitalization of the atlas]]: seen in 40% of congenital AAD

f) [[Morquio syndrome]] (a mucopolysaccharidosis): atlantoaxial subluxation occurs due to hypoplasia of the odontoid process and joint laxity

5. neoplasms: metastatic or primary

6. infection

7. following surgical procedures of the skull base or cervical spine: e.g. transoral resection of the
odontoid

====== Types of abnormalities ======

Abnormalities include:

1. basilar impression/invagination: as with Paget’s disease

2. atlantooccipital dislocation

3. atlantoaxial dislocation

4. occipitalization of the atlas, or thin or deficient posterior arch of atlas

===== Treatment =====

Fractures of the occipital condyles, atlas, or axis are usually adequately treated with external immobilization;
also see [[Occipital condyle fracture]]s. Because traumatic occipitocervical dislocations
are usually fatal, optimal treatment is not well defined. Occipitalization of the atlas may be
treated by creating an “artificial atlas” from the base of the occiput and wiring to that.

Indications and techniques are outlined in [[Atlantoaxial fusion]] (C1–2 arthrodesis)