====== 🧠 Brain Surface Anatomy ======

[[Brain surface]] anatomy refers to the [[sulci]] (grooves) and [[gyri]] (ridges) that define the external morphology of the [[cerebral cortex]]. Accurate understanding is essential for [[neurosurgical planning]], [[neuroimaging]] [[interpretation]], and [[functional brain mapping]].

===== 🧬 Importance in Neurosurgery =====

Understanding brain surface landmarks allows:
  * Localization of eloquent cortex (e.g., motor strip, Broca’s area).
  * Planning craniotomies with minimal cortical disruption.
  * Interpretation of imaging in tumor, epilepsy, and vascular patients.

===== 🖼️ Classical Reference (Obsolete) =====

  * **Naidich TP.** MR Imaging of Brain Surface Anatomy. ''Neuroradiology''. [[1991]];33(Suppl):S95–S99.
    * Provided early MRI-based cortical landmark guidance.
    * **Criticism**: lacks modern resolution, no quantitative method, outdated for current neurosurgical use.

===== 📘 Updated Anatomical Atlases =====

  * **Duvernoy’s Atlas** (Naidich et al.) – includes high-resolution 3T MRI and detailed cortical anatomy.
  * **Ono, Kubik & Abernathey** – Atlas of the Cerebral Sulci (based on cadaver dissection, still relevant).

===== 🌐 Digital Platforms =====

  * **Human Connectome Project (HCP)**
    * https://www.humanconnectome.org
    * Offers 7T MRI, cortical parcellation, diffusion imaging, and functional overlays.
  
  * **Allen Brain Atlas**
    * https://portal.brain-map.org
    * Combines structural anatomy with gene expression and tract tracing.

===== 🧪 Key Scientific Publications =====

  * **Glasser MF et al. (2016).** A multi-modal parcellation of human cerebral cortex. ''Nature''.  
    * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18933  
    * Defines 180 areas using structural MRI, diffusion, and fMRI.

  * **Desikan RS et al. (2006).** Automated gyral-based labeling system. ''NeuroImage''.  
    * Basis of FreeSurfer cortical parcellation.  
    * Enables reproducible surface-based segmentation.

===== 🖥️ Software Tools =====

  * **FreeSurfer** – https://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu  
    * Automated labeling, cortical thickness, surface area, sulcal depth.

  * **MRtrix3**, **Lead-DBS**, **BrainSuite** – Used for structural connectivity and pre-surgical planning.

===== 🧠 Common Sulcal Landmarks =====

  * **Central Sulcus** (Rolandic) – Separates frontal and parietal lobes; key for motor cortex.
  * **Lateral Sulcus** (Sylvian fissure) – Landmark for language-related areas.
  * **Parieto-occipital Sulcus** – Posterior medial surface; defines occipital lobe.
  * **Calcarine Sulcus** – Contains the primary visual cortex (V1).

===== ✅ Summary Table =====

^ Category ^ Reference ^ Application ^
| 📘 Atlas | Duvernoy, Ono et al. | Surgical anatomy |
| 🖥️ Software | FreeSurfer, MRtrix3 | Pre-op planning, structural analysis |
| 🌐 Platform | Human Connectome Project | Cortical mapping, research |
| 📄 Study | Glasser et al. (2016), Desikan et al. (2006) | Multimodal parcellation |

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**Tags**: `anatomy` `neuroanatomy` `cortex` `surface` `mri` `sulci` `gyri` `planning`


====== 🧠 Current Reference Standards in Brain Surface Anatomy via MRI ======

While Naidich’s 1991 paper 
((Naidich TP. MR Imaging of Brain Surface Anatomy.
Neuroradiology. 1991; 33:S95–S99))

had historical value, today’s gold standards integrate high-resolution MRI, functional data, and computational neuroanatomy. The field has shifted from illustrative anatomy to multimodal, quantitative, and surgery-oriented tools.

===== 📘 High-Resolution MRI Atlases =====

  * **Ono, Kubik & Abernathey – ''Atlas of the Cerebral Sulci''**
    * Foundational anatomical reference based on dissection and sulcal pattern analysis.
    * Still widely cited and used in surgical planning.

  * **Naidich et al. – ''Duvernoy’s Atlas of the Human Brain (Stem, Cerebellum, Cerebrum)''**
    * Latest editions include 3T MRI slices with precise cortical-sulcal correlations.
    * Practical and updated evolution of Naidich’s earlier work.

===== 🌐 Interactive Digital Neuroanatomy Platforms =====

  * **Human Connectome Project (HCP)**
    * https://www.humanconnectome.org
    * 7T MRI datasets, parcellation, diffusion imaging, tractography.
    * Reference for structural-functional cortical organization.

  * **Allen Brain Atlas / Brain Maps**
    * https://portal.brain-map.org
    * Anatomical reference with multimodal overlays and gene expression data.

===== 🖥️ Clinical and Research Software Tools =====

  * **FreeSurfer**
    * https://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu
    * Surface-based cortical parcellation (Desikan-Killiany, Destrieux).
    * Standard for cortical thickness, surface area, and gyral segmentation.

  * **MRtrix3, BrainSuite, Lead-DBS**
    * Used for surgical planning, tractography, and DBS targeting.

===== 📄 Landmark Scientific Studies =====

  * **Glasser MF et al. (2016)**
    * ''A multi-modal parcellation of human cerebral cortex''
    * Nature, 536(7615):171–178
    * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18933
    * Defines 180 cortical areas via MRI, fMRI, and diffusion data.

  * **Desikan RS et al. (2006)**
    * ''An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex...''
    * NeuroImage, 31(3):968–980
    * Basis of FreeSurfer's parcellation system.

===== ✅ Summary Table =====

^ Category ^ Reference ^ Application ^
| 📘 Atlas | Duvernoy, Ono et al. | Surgical anatomy |
| 🖥️ Software | FreeSurfer, MRtrix3 | Clinical and research imaging |
| 🌐 Platform | Human Connectome Project | Cortical mapping and connectivity |
| 📄 Key Studies | Glasser et al. (2016), Desikan et al. (2006) | Multimodal segmentation |