====== Bone remodeling ======

Bone [[remodeling]] is the process by which [[bone tissue]] is continuously broken down and rebuilt throughout life. It is a complex and dynamic process that involves the coordinated activity of various bone cells, including [[osteoblast]]s, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. During bone remodeling, old or damaged bone tissue is resorbed by osteoclasts, and new bone tissue is formed by osteoblasts. This process is regulated by various factors, such as hormones, mechanical stress, and calcium levels in the blood. Bone remodeling plays a crucial role in maintaining bone strength, repairing damage, and regulating calcium levels in the body.
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Integrating a [[biomimetic]] [[extracellular matrix]] to improve the [[microenvironment]] of [[3D printing]] [[scaffold]]s is an emerging [[strategy]] for [[bone substitute]] design. 

A "soft-hard" bone implant (BM-g-DPCL) consisting of a [[bioactive matrix]] chemically integrated on a [[polydopamine]] (PDA)-coated porous gradient scaffold by polyphenol groups is constructed. The PDA-coated "hard" [[scaffold]]s promoted Ca2+ chelation and mineral deposition; the "soft" bioactive matrix is beneficial to the [[migration]], [[proliferation]], and osteogenic differentiation of [[stem cell]]s [[in vitro]], accelerated endogenous [[stem cell]] recruitment and initiated rapid [[angiogenesis]] in vivo. The results of the [[rabbit cranial defect model]] (Φ = 10 mm) confirmed that BM-g-DPCL promoted the integration between [[bone tissue]] and [[implant]] and induced the deposition of [[bone matrix]]. [[Proteomics]] confirmed that [[cytokine]] adhesion, biomineralization, rapid [[vascularization]], and [[extracellular matrix]] formation are major factors that accelerate [[bone defect healing]]. This strategy of highly chemically bonded soft-hard components guided the construction of the bioactive regenerative scaffold
((Liu Q, Chen M, Gu P, Tong L, Wang P, Zhu J, Xu Y, Lu G, Luo E, Liang J, Fan Y, Zhang X, Sun Y. Covalently Grafted [[Biomimetic]] [[Matrix]] Reconstructs the Regenerative Microenvironment of the [[Porous Gradient Polycaprolactone Scaffold]] to Accelerate [[Bone Remodeling]]. Small. 2023 Feb 11:e2206960. doi: 10.1002/smll.202206960. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 36772909.)).

====== Bone Remodeling in Lumbar Interbody Fusion ======

[[Bone Remodeling in Lumbar Interbody Fusion]]