====== Austria ======

As an alternative to the [[transcranial]] route the [[transsphenoidal]] approach was developed simultaneously in the first decade of the 20th century in the [[United States]] and in [[Europe]], in particular in the [[Austria]]n monarchy. One reason that [[Vienna]] became the cradle for the minimally invasive approach to [[pituitary tumor]]s using an [[endonasal]] [[transsphenoidal approach]] was among others due to the basic and detailed anatomical studies of the [[paranasal sinus]]es performed in Vienna by the Austrian anatomist and Violin virtuoso [[Emil Zuckerkandl]] (1849–1910). His main work “On normal and pathological anatomy of the paranasal sinus and its pneumatic adnexes” in [[1882]] was the anatomical presupposition for the Viennese ENT surgeons to successfully develop minimally invasive [[endonasal approach]]es to pituitary tumors
((Zuckerkandl E. Normale und pathologische Anatomie der Nasenhöhlen und ihrer pneumatisierten Anhänge. Vienna, Austria: Braumüller; 1882.)).

Department of Neurosurgery [[Graz]] [[Austria]]

[[Innsbruck]]

[[Linz]]

[[Salzburg]]

[[Vienna]]