====== Anoxic brain injury ======

Anoxic [[brain injury]] is caused by a complete lack of oxygen to the brain, which results in the [[death]] of brain cells after approximately four minutes of oxygen deprivation.
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[[Anoxic brain injury]] represents the main determinant of poor [[outcome]] after [[cardiac arrest]] (CA). 

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anoxic brain injury, hypothermia  for brain death criteria longer observation periods are appropriate and ancillary confirmatory tests may be considered
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Large [[animal model]]s have been described to investigate new treatments during CA and post-resuscitation phase, but a detailed model that includes extensive [[neuromonitoring]] is lacking.

Before an electrically-induced 10-minute CA and resuscitation, 46 adults [[pig]]s underwent neurosurgery for placement of a multifunctional probe ([[intracranial pressure]] or ICP, [[tissue oxygen tension]] or [[PbtO2]] and cerebral temperature) and a bolt-based technique for the placement and securing of a regional blood flow probe and two sEEG electrodes; two modified cerebral [[microdialysis]] (CMD) probes were also inserted in the [[frontal lobe]]s and accidental misplacement was prevented using perforated head support.

42 animals underwent the CA procedure and 41 achieved the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). In 4 cases (8.6%) an adverse event took place during preparation, but only in two cases (4.3%), this was related to the neurosurgery. In 6 animals (13.3%) the minor complications that occurred resolved after probe repositioning.

They provided a detailed comprehensive neuromonitoring approach in a large animal model of CA that might help future research
((Annoni F, Peluso L, Hirai LA, Babini G, Khaldi A, Herpain A, Pitisci L, Ferlini L, Garcia B, Taccone FS, Creteur J, Su F. A comprehensive [[neuromonitoring]] approach in a large [[animal model]] of [[cardiac arrest]]. Animal Model Exp Med. 2022 Feb;5(1):56-60. doi: 10.1002/ame2.12200. Epub 2022 Jan 28. PMID: 35229991.)).