===== Ambiguity =====

'''Ambiguity''' refers to the presence of two or more possible meanings, interpretations, or outcomes within a statement, variable, concept, or result, where the intended meaning is unclear or context-dependent.

==== Types of ambiguity ====
  * **Linguistic ambiguity** – when a term or phrase can be interpreted in different ways (e.g., "positive test" could mean good news or disease presence).
  * **Conceptual ambiguity** – when a scientific or clinical concept lacks a clear or universally accepted definition (e.g., "frailty", "quality of life").
  * **Methodological ambiguity** – when study design, inclusion criteria, or outcome measures are poorly defined, leading to confusion in interpretation.

==== Consequences in research ====
  * Reduces reproducibility
  * Undermines the clarity of conclusions
  * Opens the door to **interpretative overconfidence** or **confirmation bias**

==== Clinical impact ====
  * Can mislead diagnosis or treatment decisions
  * May confuse patients or create uncertainty in communication

'''In summary:''' ambiguity introduces uncertainty and interpretative risk, making clarity and precision essential in scientific writing and clinical decision-making.