====== 2018  Publications======
Obaid S, Nikolaidis I, Alzahrani M, Moumdjian R, Saliba I. Morbidity Rate of
the [[Retrosigmoid]] versus [[Translabyrinthine Approach]] for [[Vestibular Schwannoma]]
Resection. J Audiol Otol. 2018 Aug 22. doi: 10.7874/jao.2018.00164. [Epub ahead
of print] PubMed PMID: 30130845.


Knappe UJ, Moskopp D, Gerlach R, Conrad J, Flitsch J, Honegger JB. Consensus
on Postoperative Recommendations After Transsphenoidal Surgery. Exp Clin
Endocrinol Diabetes. 2018 Aug 21. doi: 10.1055/a-0664-7710. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 30130806.


Baro V, Denaro L, d'Avella D. Securing Hemostasis in Pediatric Low-Grade
Posterior Cerebral Fossa Tumors: The Value of [[Thrombin]]-[[Gelatin Hemostatic Matrix]].
Pediatr Neurosurg. 2018 Aug 21:1-7. doi: 10.1159/000491824. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 30130801.


Penolazzi L, Lambertini E, Bergamin LS, Roncada T, De Bonis P, Cavallo M, Piva
R. MicroRNA-221 silencing attenuates the degenerated [[phenotype]] of [[intervertebral 
disc]] cells. Aging (Albany NY). 2018 Aug 20. doi: 10.18632/aging.101525. [Epub
ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30130742.


Cui J, Wang G, Kandhare AD, Mukherjee AA, Bodhankar SL. Neuroprotective effect
of [[naringin]], a flavone glycoside in quinolinic acid-induced neurotoxicity:
Possible role of PPAR-γ, Bax/Bcl-2, and caspase-3. Food Chem Toxicol. 2018 Aug
18. pii: S0278-6915(18)30584-2. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.028. [Epub ahead of
print] PubMed PMID: 30130594.


Mampre D, Bechtle A, Chaichana KL. [[Minimally invasive]] [[resection]] of intra-axial
[[posterior fossa tumor]]s using [[tubular retractor]]s. World Neurosurg. 2018 Aug 18.
pii: S1878-8750(18)31832-1. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.08.049. [Epub ahead of
print] PubMed PMID: 30130571.


7: Sirakov S, Panayotova A, Sirakov A, Hristov H, Minkin K, Raychev R.
Fenestration of the Basilar Artery associated with Aneurysm treated by support of
temporary bridging device - [[Comaneci]]. A case report. World Neurosurg. 2018 Aug
18. pii: S1878-8750(18)31830-8. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.08.047. [Epub ahead of
print] PubMed PMID: 30130570.


8: Adogwa O, Davison MA, Vuong VD, Khalid S, Lilly DT, Desai SA, Moreno J, Cheng 
J, Bagley C. Long Term Costs of Maximum Non-Operative Treatments in Patients with
Symptomatic Lumbar Stenosis or Spondylolisthesis that Ultimately Required
Surgery: A Five-Year Cost Analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2018 Aug 20. doi:
10.1097/BRS.0000000000002849. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30130337.


9: Lan YL, Yu ZL, Lou JC, Ma XC, Zhang B. Update on the effects of the sodium
pump α1 subunit on human glioblastoma: from the laboratory to the clinic. Expert 
Opin Investig Drugs. 2018 Aug 21. doi: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1512582. [Epub ahead
of print] PubMed PMID: 30130132.


10: He L, Vanlandewijck M, Mäe MA, Andrae J, Ando K, Gaudio FD, Nahar K,
Lebouvier T, Laviña B, Gouveia L, Sun Y, Raschperger E, Segerstolpe Å, Liu J,
Gustafsson S, Räsänen M, Zarb Y, Mochizuki N, Keller A, Lendahl U, Betsholtz C.
Single-cell RNA sequencing of mouse brain and lung vascular and vessel-associated
cell types. Sci Data. 2018 Aug 21;5:180160. doi: 10.1038/sdata.2018.160. PubMed
PMID: 30129931.


11: Ronellenfitsch MW, Zeiner PS, Mittelbronn M, Urban H, Pietsch T, Reuter D,
Senft C, Steinbach JP, Westphal M, Harter PN. Akt and mTORC1 signaling as
predictive biomarkers for the EGFR antibody nimotuzumab in glioblastoma. Acta
Neuropathol Commun. 2018 Aug 21;6(1):81. doi: 10.1186/s40478-018-0583-4. PubMed
PMID: 30129426.


12: Yang B, Qi Z, Wei M, Mu X, Teng L, Zhang Z, Jin X, Tao K, Shen W, Wu G, Han
Z, Shu M, Chen X, Bao N. [The development and recent status of the
craniomaxillofacial surgery in China during past three decades]. Zhongguo Xiu Fu 
Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2018 Jul 1;32(7):803-808. doi:
10.7507/1002-1892.201807021. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 30129299.


13: Bellier A, Latreche A, Tissot L, Robert Y, Chaffanjon P, Palombi O. Movements
of the lumbo-sacral nerve roots in the spinal canal induced by straight leg
raising test: an anatomical study. Surg Radiol Anat. 2018 Aug 20. doi:
10.1007/s00276-018-2084-3. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30128897.


14: Thioub M, Mbaye M, Thiam AB, Mutomb S, Sy C, Faye M, Ba MC, Badiane SB.
Pediatric intracranial aneurysms in Senegal: a series of 10 cases treated in
unfavorable socio-economic conditions. Childs Nerv Syst. 2018 Aug 20. doi:
10.1007/s00381-018-3943-2. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30128837.


15: Sembill JA, Wieser CY, Sprügel MI, Gerner ST, Giede-Jeppe A, Reindl C,
Eyüpoglu IY, Hoelter P, Lücking H, Kuramatsu JB, Huttner HB. Initiating
anticoagulant therapy after ICH is associated with patient characteristics and
treatment recommendations. J Neurol. 2018 Aug 20. doi: 10.1007/s00415-018-9009-2.
[Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30128711.


16: Tsivgoulis G, Katsanos AH, Patousi A, Pikilidou M, Birbilis T, Mantatzis M,
Yavropoulou M, Zompola C, Triantafyllou S, Papanas N, Skendros P, Terzoudi A,
Georgiadis GS, Zebekakis P, Maltezos E, Piperidou C, Heliopoulos I, Vadikolias K.
Stroke recurrence and mortality in northeastern Greece: the Evros Stroke
Registry. J Neurol. 2018 Aug 20. doi: 10.1007/s00415-018-9005-6. [Epub ahead of
print] PubMed PMID: 30128708.


17: Clark AR, Calligaris D, Regan MS, Pomeranz Krummel D, Agar JN, Kallay L,
MacDonald T, Schniederjan M, Santagata S, Pomeroy SL, Agar NYR, Sengupta S. Rapid
discrimination of pediatric brain tumors by mass spectrometry imaging. J
Neurooncol. 2018 Aug 20. doi: 10.1007/s11060-018-2978-2. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 30128689.


18: Lee CC, Chou CL, Chen CJ, Yang HC, Wu HM, Shiau CY, Pan DH, Chung WY.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for hypervascular intracranial tumors. J Neurooncol.
2018 Aug 20. doi: 10.1007/s11060-018-2980-8. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
30128688.


19: Caporlingua A, D'Angelo L, Tropeano MP, Massimo V, De Vincentiis L, Gargano
L, Cellini M, Mercuri V, Giangaspero F, Gargiulo P, Santoro A.
Infundibuloneurohypophysitis associated with autoimmune thrombocytopenia and
chiasmal syndrome: a case report. Acta Neurol Belg. 2018 Aug 20. doi:
10.1007/s13760-018-1007-8. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30128677.


20: Robles LA. Response to the letter to the editor: needle aspiration as an
alternative treatment for glioependymal cysts. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2018 Aug
21. doi: 10.1007/s00701-018-3662-1. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30128622.


----


Oh JY, Lim CS, Yoo KS, Park HJ, Park YS, Kim EG, Lee YS, Kaang BK, Kim HK.
Adenomatous polyposis coli-stimulated GEF 1 ([[Asef1]]) is a negative regulator of
excitatory synaptic function. J Neurochem. 2018 Aug 20. doi: 10.1111/jnc.14570.
[Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30125942.


Zhang X, Zhu H, Tao W, Li Y, Hu Y.[[ Motor Cortex Stimulation]] Therapy for Relief
of [[Central Post Stroke Pain]]: A Retrospective Study with Neuropathic Pain Symptom 
Inventory. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2018 Aug 20:1-5. doi: 10.1159/000492056.
[Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30125888.


Ulvin LB, Heuser K, Olsen KB, Taubøll E. Factors associated with
refractoriness and outcome in an adult [[status epilepticus]] cohort. Seizure. 2018
Jul 29;61:111-118. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2018.07.020. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 30125862.


Yu T, Ni D, Zhang X, Wang X, Qiao L, Zhou X, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhang G. The role
of [[magnetoencephalography]] in the presurgical evaluation of patients with
MRI-negative [[operculo insular epilepsy]]. Seizure. 2018 Aug 13;61:104-110. doi:
10.1016/j.seizure.2018.07.005. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30125861.


Lakomkin N, Hadjipanayis CG. [[Fluorescence guided surgery]] for [[high grade
glioma]]s. J Surg Oncol. 2018 Aug 19. doi: 10.1002/jso.25154. [Epub ahead of print]
Review. PubMed PMID: 30125355.


Kim SJ, Roh D, Jung HH, Chang WS, Kim CH, Chang JW. A study of novel bilateral
thermal capsulotomy with focused ultrasound for treatment-refractory
obsessive-compulsive disorder: 2-year follow-up. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2018
Aug;43(5):327-337. PubMed PMID: 30125241.


7: Hoshide R, Jandial R. A Change of Mind: How Neuroscientists Performed A Memory
Transplant. Neurosurgery. 2018 Sep 1;83(3):E110-E111. doi: 10.1093/neuros/nyy301.
PubMed PMID: 30125032.


8: Nowicki KW, Sekula RF Jr. Pericytes Protect White-Matter Structure and
Function. Neurosurgery. 2018 Sep 1;83(3):E103-E104. doi: 10.1093/neuros/nyy300.
PubMed PMID: 30125031.


9: Brusko GD, Burks SS, Wang MY. Engineered Neurons May Generate Future Therapy
for Neurological Disease. Neurosurgery. 2018 Sep 1;83(3):E105-E106. doi:
10.1093/neuros/nyy299. PubMed PMID: 30125030.


10: Patel NV, Schneider JR, Kwan K, Boockvar JA. The Glioblastoma Cell Ecosystem:
Signals Between Progenitors and Progeny. Neurosurgery. 2018 Sep 1;83(3):E95. doi:
10.1093/neuros/nyy296. PubMed PMID: 30125029.


11: Penn DL, Chi JH. Immune Response in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.
Neurosurgery. 2018 Sep 1;83(3):E107-E109. doi: 10.1093/neuros/nyy298. PubMed
PMID: 30125028.


12: Lubin JA, Zhang RR, Kuo JS. Extracellular Vesicles Containing PD-L1
Contribute to Immune Evasion in Glioblastoma. Neurosurgery. 2018 Sep
1;83(3):E98-E100. doi: 10.1093/neuros/nyy295. PubMed PMID: 30125027.


13: Karsy M, Brock AA, Rolston JD. Hiding in Plain Sight: Underreporting of
Clinical Trial Results in Neurology. Neurosurgery. 2018 Sep 1;83(3):E96. doi:
10.1093/neuros/nyy297. PubMed PMID: 30125026.


14: Starke RM, McCarthy DJ, Komotar RJ, Connolly ES. New Risk Allele for
Intracranial Aneurysm in French-Canadians. Neurosurgery. 2018 Sep
1;83(3):E101-E102. doi: 10.1093/neuros/nyy294. PubMed PMID: 30125025.


15: Penn DL, Chi JH. United States Healthcare Spending. Neurosurgery. 2018 Sep
1;83(3):E97. doi: 10.1093/neuros/nyy291. PubMed PMID: 30125024.


16: Strickland BA, Bakhsheshian J, Rennert RC, Fredrickson VL, Lam J, Amar A,
Mack W, Carey J, Russin JJ. Descending Branch of the Lateral Circumflex Femoral
Artery Graft for Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Revascularization. Oper
Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2018 Sep 1;15(3):285-291. doi: 10.1093/ons/opx241. PubMed
PMID: 30125010.


17: Lowe SR, Alshareef MA, Kellogg R, Eriksson E, Kalhorn SP. A Novel Surgical
Technique for Management of Giant Central Calcified Thoracic Disk Herniations: A 
Dual Corridor Method Involving Tubular Transthoracic/Retropleural Approach
Followed by a Posterior Transdural Diskectomy. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2018 
Aug 14. doi: 10.1093/ons/opy225. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30124999.


18: Roca E, Penn DL, Safain MG, Burke WT, Castlen JP, Laws ER Jr. Abdominal Fat
Graft for Sellar Reconstruction: Retrospective Outcomes Review and Technical
Note. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2018 Aug 16. doi: 10.1093/ons/opy219. [Epub
ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30124966.


19: Nathan JK, Foley J, Hoang T, Hiner J, Brooks S, Gendreau JL, Meurer WJ,
Pandey AS, Adelman EE. The stroke navigator: meaningful use of the electronic
health record to efficiently report inpatient stroke care quality. J Am Med
Inform Assoc. 2018 Aug 16. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocy102. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 30124956.


20: Kwan K, Schneider JR, Du V, Falting L, Boockvar JA, Oren J, Levine M, Langer 
DJ. Lessons Learned Using a High-Definition 3-Dimensional Exoscope for Spinal
Surgery. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2018 Aug 14. doi: 10.1093/ons/opy196. [Epub
ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30124929.
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Koh HK, Seo SY, Kim JH, Kim HJ, Chie EK, Kim SK, Kim IH. [[Disulfiram]], a
Re-positioned [[Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Inhibitor]], Enhances [[Radiosensitivity]] of
Human [[Glioblastoma]] Cells [[In Vitro]]. Cancer Res Treat. [[2018]] Aug 13. doi:
10.4143/crt.2018.249. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30121967.

Wagh A, Sinha A. Prevention of [[healthcare associated infection]]s in [[pediatric 
intensive care unit]]. Childs Nerv Syst. 2018 Aug 18. doi:
10.1007/s00381-018-3909-4. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30121831.


Fieggen G, Figaji A, Padayachy L, Enslin N. A tribute to [[professor]] [[Jonathan Clemence 
Peter]]. Childs Nerv Syst. 2018 Aug 18. doi: 10.1007/s00381-018-3921-8. [Epub ahead
of print] PubMed PMID: 30121830.


Caceres A, Avila ML, Herrera ML. [[Fungal infection]]s in [[pediatric neurosurgery]]. 
Childs Nerv Syst. 2018 Aug 18. doi: 10.1007/s00381-018-3942-3. [Epub ahead of
print] PubMed PMID: 30121829.


Harkness WFJ. Presidential address 2017 [[William Harkness]] FRCS October 10th
2017 Denver, Co USA: 2017-annus mirabilis, a global view of neurosurgery for
children. Childs Nerv Syst. 2018 Aug 18. doi: 10.1007/s00381-018-3931-6. [Epub
ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30121828.


Zholdybayeva EV, Medetov YZ, Aitkulova AM, Makhambetov YT, Akshulakov SK,
Kaliyev AB, Talzhanov YA, Kulmambetova GN, Iskakova AN, Ramankulov YM. Genetic
Risk Factors for [[Intracranial Aneurysm]] in the [[Kazakhstan]] Population. J Mol Neurosci. 
2018 Aug 18. doi: 10.1007/s12031-018-1134-y. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
30121816.


Mrackova J, Rohan V, Geier P, Burianek V, Mracek J. [[Atrioesophageal fistula]]: a
rare cause of brain embolization. Acta Neurol Belg. 2018 Aug 18. doi:
10.1007/s13760-018-1005-x. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30121813.


Abbas M, Bakhaidar M, Baeesa SS. Intracranial [[Dystrophic Calcification]] of
[[Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt]]: A Case Report. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2018 Aug 17:1-4.
doi: 10.1159/000491822. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30121661.


Bogossian A, Gorter JW, Racine E. [[Protocol]] for a scoping review about ethics
in transition programmes for adolescents and young adults with neurodisabilities.
BMJ Open. 2018 Aug 17;8(8):e020914. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020914. PubMed
PMID: 30121595.


10: Zervos TM, Robin AM, Lee I. Delirium and [[topographical disorientation]]
associated with glioblastoma multiforme tumour progression into the isthmus of
the cingulate gyrus. BMJ Case Rep. 2018 Aug 17;2018. pii: bcr-2018-225473. doi:
10.1136/bcr-2018-225473. PubMed PMID: 30121566.


11: Feng X, Peng F, Zhang B, Wang L, Guo E, Li Y, Jiang C, Wu Z, Liu A. Lower
miR-143/145 and higher matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels in circulation may be
associated with intracranial aneurysm formation and rupture: A pilot study. Clin 
Neurol Neurosurg. 2018 Aug 6;173:124-129. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.08.010.
[Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30121455.


12: Bronheim RS, Cheung ZB, Phan K, White SJW, Kim JS, Cho SK. Anterior Lumbar
Fusion: Differences in Patient Selection and Surgical Outcomes Between
Neurosurgeons and Orthopaedic Surgeons. World Neurosurg. 2018 Aug 16. pii:
S1878-8750(18)31816-3. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.08.034. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 30121412.


13: Lin J, Zhou Z, Guan J, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Yang Z, Lin B, Jiang Y, Quan X, Ke Y, Xu
T. Using 3D Printing to Create Individualized Cranial Nerve Models for Skull Base
Tumor Surgery. World Neurosurg. 2018 Aug 16. pii: S1878-8750(18)31716-9. doi:
10.1016/j.wneu.2018.07.236. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30121411.


14: Sasao R, Takahashi S, Nishimoto M, Yoshida K. The usefulness of
intraoperative imaging in a patient with a ruptured aneurysm of the M4 segment of
the middle cerebral artery. World Neurosurg. 2018 Aug 16. pii:
S1878-8750(18)31806-0. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.08.025. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 30121410.


15: Li Y, Funk C, Dawkins D, Simpson D, Yu JJ, Boly M, Ahmed A. Leptomeningeal
Enhancement is Associated with Transient Neurological Deficits after Flow
Diversion of Intracranial Aneurysms. World Neurosurg. 2018 Aug 16. pii:
S1878-8750(18)31666-8. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.07.188. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 30121409.


16: Motomura K, Sumita K, Chalise L, Nishikawa T, Tanahashi K, Ohka F, Aoki K,
Hirano M, Nakamura T, Matsushita T, Wakabayashi T, Natsume A. Characterization of
intraoperative motor evoked potential monitoring for the surgery of pediatric
population with brain tumors. World Neurosurg. 2018 Aug 16. pii:
S1878-8750(18)31821-7. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.08.039. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 30121408.


17: Huang Q, Shang-Guan HC, Yao PS, Sun Y, Zeng YL, Zheng SF, Chen GR, Lin YX, Wu
SY, Kang DZ. High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) is associated with progression of
intracranial aneurysms. World Neurosurg. 2018 Aug 16. pii: S1878-8750(18)31819-9.
doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.08.037. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30121407.


18: Khan A, Doke T, Boeris D. Nurturing the next generation of neurosurgeons: how
important are non- technical skills? World Neurosurg. 2018 Aug 16. pii:
S1878-8750(18)31818-7. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.08.036. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 30121404.


19: Wu CC, Lee PT, Kao TJ, Chou SY, Su RY, Lee YC, Yeh SH, Liou JP, Hsu TI, Su
TP, Chuang CK, Chang WC, Chuang JY. Upregulation of Znf179 acetylation by SAHA
protects cells against oxidative stress. Redox Biol. 2018 Aug 4;19:74-80. doi:
10.1016/j.redox.2018.08.001. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30121389.


20: Li G, Jiang S, Paraskevopoulou SE, Wang M, Xu Y, Wu Z, Chen L, Zhang D,
Schalk G. Optimal referencing for stereo-electroencephalographic (SEEG)
recordings. Neuroimage. 2018 Aug 16. pii: S1053-8119(18)30718-3. doi:
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.08.020. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30121338.


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Bonduelle T, Stricker J, Minéo JF, Massri A, Guesdon C, Barroso B, Bonnan M.
[[Weston Hurst syndrome]] with acute hemorrhagic [[cerebellitis]]. Clin Neurol Neurosurg.
2018 Aug 11;173:118-119. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.08.007. [Epub ahead of
print] PubMed PMID: 30121019.


2: Karaarslan N, Yilmaz I, Ozbek H, Sirin DY, Kaplan N, Caliskan T, Ozdemir C,
Akyuva Y, Ates O. Are Radio-Contrast Agents Commonly used In Discography Toxic to
the Intact Intervertebral Disc Tissue Cells? Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2018
Aug 18. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.13112. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30120906.


3: Dong B, Sun Z, Zhou B, Huang S, Han L, Nie H, Chen G, Liu S, Zhang Y, Bao N,
Yang X, Feng H. LncRNA-FENDRR mediates VEGFA to promote the apoptosis of brain
microvascular endothelial cells via regulating miR-126 in mice with hypertensive 
intracerebral hemorrhage. Microcirculation. 2018 Aug 18:e12499. doi:
10.1111/micc.12499. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30120860.


4: Waters AC, Veerakumar A, Choi KS, Howell B, Tiruvadi V, Bijanki KR, Crowell A,
Riva-Posse P, Mayberg HS. Test-retest reliability of a stimulation-locked evoked 
response to deep brain stimulation in subcallosal cingulate for treatment
resistant depression. Hum Brain Mapp. 2018 Aug 18. doi: 10.1002/hbm.24327. [Epub 
ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30120851.


5: Fu C, Li D, Zhang X, Liu N, Chi G, Jin X. LncRNA PVT1 Facilitates
Tumorigenesis and Progression of Glioma via Regulation of MiR-128-3p/GREM1 Axis
and BMP Signaling Pathway. Neurotherapeutics. 2018 Aug 17. doi:
10.1007/s13311-018-0649-9. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30120709.


6: Descoteaux M, Maier-Hein L, Franz A, Jannin P, Collins LD, Duchesne S. Guest
editorial for the IJCARS special issue on MICCAI 2017. Int J Comput Assist Radiol
Surg. 2018 Aug 17. doi: 10.1007/s11548-018-1847-y. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed
PMID: 30120692.


7: Thompson EM, Landi D, Ashley D, Keir ST, Bigner D. Bevacizumab, irinotecan,
temozolomide, tyrosine kinase inhibition, and MEK inhibition are effective
against pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma regardless of V600E status. J Neurooncol.
2018 Aug 17. doi: 10.1007/s11060-018-2975-5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
30120661.


8: Hosainey SAM, Lassen B, Hald JK, Helseth E, Meling TR. The effect of tumor
removal via craniotomies on preoperative hydrocephalus in adult patients with
intracranial tumors. Neurosurg Rev. 2018 Aug 17. doi: 10.1007/s10143-018-1021-6. 
[Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30120611.


9: Di Rienzo A, Colasanti R, Liverotti V, Benigni R, Paracino R, Bizzocchi G,
Scerrati M, Iacoangeli M. On-ward surgical management of wound dehiscence: report
of a single neurosurgical center experience and comparison of safety and
effectiveness with conventional treatment. Neurosurg Rev. 2018 Aug 17. doi:
10.1007/s10143-018-1022-5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30120610.


10: Kraemer M, Sassen J, Karakaya R, Schwitalla JC, Graf J, Albrecht P, Hartung
HP, Diehl RR, Berlit P, Laumer R, Diesner F. Moyamoya angiopathy: early
postoperative course within 3 months after STA-MCA-bypass surgery in Europe-a
retrospective analysis of 64 procedures. J Neurol. 2018 Aug 17. doi:
10.1007/s00415-018-8997-2. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30120561.


11: Apra C, Law-Ye B, Leclercq D, Boch AL. Needle aspiration as an alternative
treatment for glio-ependymal cysts. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2018 Aug 17. doi:
10.1007/s00701-018-3660-3. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30120540.


12: Tyndall RG, Popescu OE, Derek P, Steinbok P. Osteogenic sarcoma of the skull:
long-term outcome of a rare tumor. Childs Nerv Syst. 2018 Aug 17. doi:
10.1007/s00381-018-3937-0. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30120533.


13: Heo YJ, Jeong HW, Baek JW, Lee SJ, Choo HJ, Jung HS, Shin GW, Seo JH, Kim ST.
Ultrasound Evaluation of Puncture Sites After Deployment of Two Different Types
of Vascular Closure Devices: A Prospective Comparative Study. Cardiovasc
Intervent Radiol. 2018 Aug 17. doi: 10.1007/s00270-018-2056-3. [Epub ahead of
print] PubMed PMID: 30120529.


14: D'Arco F, Khan F, Mankad K, Ganau M, Caro-Dominguez P, Bisdas S. Differential
diagnosis of posterior fossa tumours in children: new insights. Pediatr Radiol.
2018 Aug 17. doi: 10.1007/s00247-018-4224-7. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
30120502.


15: Hampton S, Swanson RL 2nd, Smith DH. Neurological Symptoms in US Government
Personnel in Cuba-Reply. JAMA. 2018 Aug 14;320(6):604-605. doi:
10.1001/jama.2018.8737. PubMed PMID: 30120475.


16: Hammer A, Steiner A, Ranaie G, Yakubov E, Erbguth F, Hammer CM,
Killer-Oberpfalzer M, Steiner H, Janssen H. Impact of Comorbidities and Smoking
on the Outcome in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Sci Rep. 2018 Aug
17;8(1):12335. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30878-9. PubMed PMID: 30120370.


17: Zhang N, Zeng Z, Li S, Wang F, Huang P. High expression of EZH2 as a marker
for the differential diagnosis of malignant and benign myogenic tumors. Sci Rep. 
2018 Aug 17;8(1):12331. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30648-7. PubMed PMID: 30120321.


18: Touat M, Gratieux J, Condette Auliac S, Sejean K, Aldea S, Savatovsky J,
Perkins G, Blons H, Ligon KL, Idbaih A, Hollebecque A, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP,
Laurent-Puig P, Sanson M, Villa C, Di Stefano AL. Vemurafenib and cobimetinib
overcome resistance to vemurafenib in BRAF-mutant ganglioglioma. Neurology. 2018 
Aug 17. pii: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000006171. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000006171.
[Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30120137.


19: Brownlee WJ, Miszkiel KA, Tur C, Barkhof F, Miller DH, Ciccarelli O.
Inclusion of optic nerve involvement in dissemination in space criteria for
multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2018 Aug 17. pii: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000006207.
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000006207. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30120132.


20: Mirza FA, Snyder B, Smith VD, Vasquez RA. Corrigendum to Pediatric
Supratentorial Ganglioneuroblastoma: Case Report and Review of Literature [World 
Neurosurgery 113 (2018) 261-266]. World Neurosurg. 2018 Aug 14. pii:
S1878-8750(18)31511-0. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.07.033. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 30120073.

----

Kim et al. from the University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, [[Seoul]], [[Korea]], therefore developed and validated a [[radiomic]]s [[model]] using multiparametric [[MRI]] to differentiate pseudoprogression from early [[tumor progression]] in patients with [[glioblastoma]].

The [[model]] was developed from the enlarging [[contrast]]-enhancing portions of 61 glioblastomas within 3 months after standard treatment with 6472 radiomic features being obtained from contrast-enhanced [[T1]]-weighted imaging, [[fluid attenuated inversion recovery]] imaging, and [[apparent diffusion coefficient]] (ADC), and [[cerebral blood volume]] (CBV) maps. [[Imaging]] features were selected using a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator ([[LASSO]]) [[logistic regression]] model with 10-fold cross-validation. Diagnostic performance for [[pseudoprogression]] was compared with that for single parameters (mean and minimum [[ADC]] and mean and maximum [[CBV]]) and single imaging radiomics models using the area under the receiver-operating-characteristics curve (AUC). The model was validated with an external cohort (n = 34) imaged on a different scanner and an internal prospective registry data (n = 23).

Twelve significant radiomic features (3 from conventional, 2 from [[diffusion]] and 7 from [[perfusion]] MRI) were selected for model construction. The multiparametric radiomics model (AUC 0.90) showed significantly better performance than any single ADC or CBV parameter (AUC 0.57-0.79, P<.05), and better than single radiomics model using conventional MRI (AUC 0.76, P =.012), ADC (AUC 0.78, P =.014), or CBV (AUC 0.80, P=.43). The multiparametric radiomics showed higher performance in the external validation (AUC 0.85) and internal validation (AUC 0.96) than any single approach, thus demonstrating robustness.

Incorporating diffusion- and [[perfusion weighted imaging]] into a radiomics model improved diagnostic performance for identifying pseudoprogression and showed robustness in a multicenter setting
((Kim JY, Park JE, Jo Y, Shim WH, Nam SJ, Kim JH, Yoo RE, Choi SH, Kim HS.
Incorporating diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MRI into a radiomics model
improves diagnostic performance for pseudoprogression in glioblastoma patients.
Neuro Oncol. 2018 Aug 11. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noy133. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 30107606.
)).
----

Kolenda H, Ludwig HC. [[Professor Emeritus]] [[Evangelos Markakis]]. J Neurol Surg A
Cent Eur Neurosurg. 2018 Sep;79(5):357. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1668094. Epub 2018
Aug 7. PubMed PMID: 30086578.
----
Spergel from the Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, [[New Haven]], CT, USA. reviewed the neuropeptides that have been shown to act directly and that may also act indirectly, on [[GnRH neuron]]s, the [[reproduction]]-related processes with which the neuropeptides may be associated or the physiological information they may convey, as well as their [[cognate]] [[receptor]]s, [[signaling pathway]]s and roles in the modulation of GnRH neuronal firing, [Ca2+]i, GnRH secretion and reproduction. The review focuses on recent research in mice, which offer the most tractable experimental system for studying mammalian GnRH neurons
((Spergel DJ. Neuropeptidergic modulation of GnRH neuronal activity and GnRH
secretion controlling reproduction: insights from recent mouse studies. Cell
Tissue Res. 2018 Aug 4. doi: 10.1007/s00441-018-2893-z. [Epub ahead of print]
Review. PubMed PMID: 30078104.
)).
----

The objective of Barr et al., from the [[University of British Columbia]], [[Vancouver]], [[Canada]], was to determine whether the British Columbia experience implementing a province-wide [[prevention]] program reduced [[Abusive head trauma]] (AHT) [[hospitalization]] [[rate]]s. A 3-dose primary, universal [[education]] program (the Period of PURPLE Crying) was implemented through maternal and public health units and assessed by retrospective-prospective [[surveillance]]. With parents of all newborn [[infant]]s born between January [[2009]] and December [[2016]] (n = 354,477), [[nurse]]s discussed crying and shaking while delivering a [[booklet]] and DVD during maternity admission (dose 1). Public health nurses reinforced Talking Points by telephone and/or home visits post-discharge (dose 2) and community education was instituted annually (dose 3). During admission, program delivery occurred for 90% of mothers. Fathers were present 74.4% of the time. By 2-4 months, 70.9% of mothers and 50.5% of fathers watched the DVD and/or read the booklet. AHT admissions decreased for <12-month-olds from 10.6 (95% CI: 8.3-13.5) to 7.1 (95% CI: 4.8-10.5) or, for <24-month-olds, from 6.7 (95% CI: 5.4-8.3) to 4.4 (95% CI: 3.1-6.2) cases per 100,000 person-years. Relative risk of admission was 0.67 (95% CI: 0.42-1.07, P = 0.090) and 0.65 (95% CI: 0.43-0.99, P = 0.048) respectively. 

Barr et al., concluded that the intervention was associated with a 35% reduction in infant AHT admissions that was significant for <24-month-olds. The results are encouraging that, despite a low initial incidence and economic recession, reductions in AHT may be achievable with a system-wide implementation of a comprehensive parental education prevention program
((Barr RG, Barr M, Rajabali F, Humphreys C, Pike I, Brant R, Hlady J, Colbourne 
M, Fujiwara T, Singhal A. Eight-year outcome of implementation of abusive head
trauma prevention. Child Abuse Negl. 2018 Jul 31;84:106-114. doi:
10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.004. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30077049.
)).
----
The pathophysiology of [[pain]] in symptomatic [[thoracic disc herniation]] (TDH) patients remains poorly understood. Mere mechanical [[compression]] of the [[spinal cord]] and/or the exiting [[nerve root]] by a prolapsed [[disc]] cannot explain the [[pathogenesis]] of pain in all cases. Previous studies report a direct correlation between the levels of proinflammatory [[cytokine]]s in disc [[biopsy]] and the severity of leg pain in patients with [[lumbar disc herniation]]s.

Using [[ELISA]] and high-performance liquid [[chromatography]] (HPLC), Andrade et al., from [[Cologne]], [[Würzburg]], [[Germany]]. [[Maastricht]], The [[Netherlands]], determined inflammatory [[cytokine]] levels ([[TNF]]-α, [[IL]]-1β and IL-10) and [[aminoacid]] levels ([[glutamate]], [[aspartate]], [[GABA]], [[glycine]] and [[arginine]]) in CSF samples from ten [[thoracic disc herniation]] (TDH) [[patient]]s and ten control subjects who did not suffer an inflammatory disease nor pain related to [[spinal cord compression]], and subsequently correlated these levels with preoperative pain scores. Differences between both groups were evaluated by a Whitney-U-test. In order to estimate the correlation between cytokine or amino acid expression and pain scores, data were analyzed using linear regression analysis.

No inflammatory cytokines were found in CSF samples from control subjects, whereas TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 were detectable by ELISA in all CSF samples from TDH patients. TNF-α and IL-10, but not IL-1β levels moderately correlated with preoperative pain scores. Elevated TNF-αlevels positively correlated with high pain scores; elevated IL-10 levels negatively correlated with high pain scores. Amino acids were detectable in all samples from both groups. There were no significant differences between the groups in any of the amino acids measured with HPLC.

Increased proinflammatory cytokine expression is associated with elevated pain scores in symptomatic TDH patients. On the other hand, there is no conclusive correlation between the intensity of pain and the local or systemic presence of amino acids associated with pain transmission
((Andrade P, Cornips EMJ, Sommer C, Daemen MA, Visser-Vandewalle V, Hoogland G. 
Elevated inflammatory cytokine expression in CSF from patients with symptomatic
thoracic disc herniations correlates with increased pain scores. Spine J. 2018
Aug 1. pii: S1529-9430(18)31082-9. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2018.07.023. [Epub ahead
of print] PubMed PMID: 30077044.
)).
----
Finger et al., from the Neurosurgery Department of Cristo Redentor Hospital, [[Porto Alegre]], [[Brazil]], report a case of [[spontaneous posterior fossa subdural hematoma]] treated with [[anticoagulant therapy]] that made good recovery after surgical treatment
((Finger G, Martins OG, Basso LS, Ludwig do Nascimento T, Schiavo FL, Cezimbra
Dos Santos S, Stefani MA. Acute spontaneous subdural hematoma in posterior fossa:
case report with great outcome. World Neurosurg. 2018 Aug 1. pii:
S1878-8750(18)31700-5. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.07.220. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 30077031.
)).
----
Bernat et al., from the Department of Neurosurgery [[Toronto]] Western Hospital, La Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, [[Paris]], France. King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, [[Riyadh]], Ain Shams University, [[Cairo]], Egypt, performed a retrospective analysis of patients submitted to [[endoscopic endonasal approach]] or [[transcranial approach]] for anterior skull base meningiomas (ASBM) resection from May 2006 to January 2016 Clinical, radiological and pathology data were retrieved for analysis. Tumor size, location, surgical technique, extent of resection and tumour grade were assessed. The two groups were compared to identify predictors and differences regarding tumor recurrence.

Fifty-two patients (17 Olfactory Groove meningioma & 35 Tuberculum sellae meningioma) were included; 26 (6 Olfactory Groove meningioma & 20 Tuberculum sellae meningioma) underwent [[endoscopic endonasal approach]] and 26 (13 Olfactory Groove meningioma & 13 Tuberculum sellae meningioma) [[transcranial approach]], with a mean follow up of 41 months. [[GTR]] was achieved in 38 (73%) patients (18 (69%) in [[endoscopic endonasal approach]] and 20 (77%) in [[transcranial approach]]). Eight (15 %) patients presented with [[recurrence]] (5 (19 %) in [[endoscopic endonasal approach]] group; 3(11.5%) in [[transcranial approach]] group without statistical difference (p= 0.69). Among the recurrences, GTR had been achieved in 1 case of each group. In group [[endoscopic endonasal approach]], one patient underwent [[transcranial approach]] for a [[recurrent]] [[tumor]] and another [[patient]] was referred for [[radiosurgery]].

This study has shown an overall similar [[recurrence]] rate of [[Anterior skull base meningioma]] regardless the [[technique]] used. However analysis of larger series with longer follow-up is necessary to clearly define the [[indication]]s and to fully validate the efficacy of [[endoscopic endonasal approach]]
((Bernat AL, Priola SM, Elsawy A, Farrash F, Pasarikovski CR, Almeida JP, Lenck 
S, De Almeida J, Vescan A, Monteiro E, Zadeh GM, Gentili F. [[Recurrence]] of
[[anterior skull base meningioma]]s after [[endoscopic endonasal]] [[resection]]: 10 years
experience in a series of 52 endoscopic and transcranial cases. World Neurosurg. 
2018 Aug 1. pii: S1878-8750(18)31690-5. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.07.210. [Epub
ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30077030.
)).
----
Ali et al., from the Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, [[Nashville]], TN, USA report a novel institutional experience with performing cSCS trials with patients placed in an upright [[sitting position]]. This allows easy access to the cervical [[epidural space]] and has the added benefit of unobstructed access to the airway.

They [[retrospective]]ly reviewed data for patients who had undergone cervical spinal cord stimulation trial procedures in an upright, sitting position.

Demographic information including age, gender, preoperative [[diagnosis]], progression to permanent [[implant]] after a successful [[trial]] and operative time in minutes was collected.

A detailed description of the [[technique]] for [[implantation]] of cervical spinal cord stimulator [[trial]] leads in an upright [[sitting position]] is described. A total of 29 patients were implanted; 16 (55%) were [[female]]. Mean operative time was 78 minutes from incision to closing. The majority of patients (25/29; 86%) had successful trials and proceeded to permanent implant. No [[complication]]s occurred and the [[procedure]] was well tolerated by all patients.

Cervical spinal cord stimulation trials performed in an upright, sitting position allows for easy [[epidural]] access and an unobstructed [[airway]] with reasonable set up time
((Ali R, Chon J, Mathews L, Yu H, Konrad P. Novel technique for insertion of
cervical spinal cord stimulator percutaneous leads: Technical Note and
Institutional experience. World Neurosurg. 2018 Aug 1. pii:
S1878-8750(18)31698-X. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.07.218. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 30077028.
)).
----
Hoogmoed et al., from the Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Medical Center, [[Amsterdam]], The [[Netherlands]], investigated which [[disease]]-related characteristics, present at [[admission]], could identify [[patient]]s with chance of good [[outcome]].

146 consecutive [[WFNS grade V]] [[SAH]] [[patient]]s (2002 - 2013) were included. Demographic and disease-related characteristics were compared between patients with a good outcome ([[Glasgow outcome scale]] (GOS) 4 & 5) and a poor outcome (GOS 1-3). Subgroups were made of patients with [[aneurysm]] treatment according to outcome; 1) good outcome, 2) poor outcome, with optimal general treatment, 3) poor outcome, general treatment discontinued.

34 of the 146 patients had a good outcome (36% of all treated patients); 16 (47%) of these presented with a [[GCS]] score of 3, versus 65 (58%) of patients with a poor outcome (p = 0.33). Eleven (33%) patients in the good outcome group presented with pupillary abnormalities; four (12%) even had bilaterally fixed and dilated pupils, versus 49 (46%) in patients with a poor outcome (p < 0.01). In 51 patients the aneurysm was not treated; all died.

Over a third of all treated WFNS grade V SAH patients had a good outcome. All patients, in whom the aneurysm was not treated, died. Reliable identification of patients who will reach good outcome, on the basis of symptoms on admission, seems impossible, as these symptoms are not discriminating enough
((Hoogmoed J, Coert BA, van den Berg R, Roos YBWEM, Horn J, Vandertop WP,
Verbaan D. Early treatment decisions in poor-grade patients with a subarachnoid
hemorrhage. World Neurosurg. 2018 Aug 1. pii: S1878-8750(18)31692-9. doi:
10.1016/j.wneu.2018.07.212. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30077026.
)).
----
Pijpker et al.,  Department of Neurosurgery, [[Groningen]], The [[Netherlands]], present a case of severe congenital [[kyphoscoliosis]] in a young girl who suffers from [[skeletal dysplasia]]. A closing wedge extended [[Pedicle Subtraction Osteotomy]] was [[3D]] virtual planned using medical computer design [[software]]. After the optimal 3D-wedge was planned, individualized [[osteotomy]] guiding [[template]]s were designed, for translation of the planned PSO towards the surgical procedure. During surgery the PSO was carried out by use of the osteotomy templates. A successful correction of the kyphoscoliosis was realized.

The [[kyphosis]] was successfully reduced using wedge shaped extended PSO, based on the pre-operative 3D virtual planning, assisted by 3D printed individualized osteotomy guiding templates. Besides direct translation of the planned PSO towards surgery, the 3D planning also facilitated detailed preoperative evaluation, more insight in the case-specific [[anatomy]], and accurate planning of the required correction
((Pijpker PAJ, Kuijlen JMA, Kraeima J, Faber C. Three-dimensional planning and
use of individualized osteotomy guiding templates for surgical correction of
kyphoscoliosis: a technical case report. World Neurosurg. 2018 Aug 1. pii:
S1878-8750(18)31699-1. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.07.219. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 30077023.)).
----
Sidhu et al., presented a case of a 65-year-old man who presented with right-sided body [[weakness]]. He had a past [[medical history]] of uncontrolled [[diabetes mellitus]], [[hypertension]], and obstructive [[sleep apnea]] requiring use of a nasal continuous positive airway pressure device during sleep. 

They performed a computed tomography brain scan, which revealed a left-sided acute on [[chronic subdural hematoma]]. Due to his multiple comorbidities, they decided to perform the surgical procedure under electroacupuncture [[anesthesia]]. The aim of this case report is to describe a [[craniotomy]] performed under electroacupuncture on an [[elderly patient]] with multiple comorbidities who was [[awake]] during the [[procedure]] and in whom this procedure, if it had been performed under [[general anesthesia]], would have carried high [[risk]]
((Sidhu A, Murgahayah T, Narayanan V, Chandran H, Waran V.
Electroacupuncture-Assisted Craniotomy on an Awake Patient. J Acupunct Meridian
Stud. 2017 Jan;10(1):45-48. doi: 10.1016/j.jams.2016.06.005. Epub 2016 Sep 15.
PubMed PMID: 28254101.)).


Liang Low H. Comment on "[[Electroacupuncture]]-assisted [[craniotomy]] on an [[awake]]
[[patient]]". J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2018 Aug 1. pii: S2005-2901(18)30051-7. doi: 
10.1016/j.jams.2018.07.004. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30076994.
----

[[Overdrainage]] and frequent [[reprogramming]] are common issues with [[programmable]] valves after [[ventriculoperitoneal shunt]] surgery for [[idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus]] (iNPH). [[Flow regulated valve]]s may address these limitations, but [[data]] on their [[efficacy]] are sparse. 

Wetzel et al., from the Center for Neurosurgery, University Hospital of [[Cologne]], [[Germany]], present a single-center experience with flow-regulated valves focusing on overdrainage and [[efficiency]].

Thirty-two patients with iNPH treated with the [[Integra]]® [[NPH Low Flow Valve]] were prospectively enrolled. Clinical evaluation was performed at baseline, postoperatively as well as 3 and 6 months after surgery. The [[outcome]] was assessed by employing the iNPH grading scale and the [[Mini Mental State Examination]] ([[MMSE]]). Overdrainage was assessed clinically and radiologically by [[computed tomography]].

The mean patient [[age]] was 71 years. All patients presented with [[gait disorder]], 29 had [[cognitive disorder]] and 25 had [[urinary incontinence]]. The mean duration of [[symptom]]s was 22.9 months. At 3-month follow-up, 25/31 patients (80.6%) improved on the total iNPH score by at least 5 points (p < 0.001). The mean [[MMSE]] score increased from 24.5 to 26.1 points (p = 0.013). After 6 months, the improvement rates of the iNPH (82.1%) and the MMSE scores (26.8 points) were stable. The rate of clinically significant [[overdrainage]] was 3.2%. One patient presented with [[subdural hygroma]]s that necessitated evacuation. In the remaining patients, clinical and radiological signs of overdrainage were absent.

The use of the Integra® NPH Low Flow Valve leads to a good neurological outcome and has low overdrainage rates without the need for reprogramming. These results are encouraging and justify further investigation of this valve
((Wetzel C, Goertz L, Schulte AP, Goldbrunner R, Krischek B. Minimizing
[[overdrainage]] with [[flow regulated valve]]s - Initial results of a prospective study 
on idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2018 Jul
23;173:31-37. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.07.017. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed
PMID: 30071502.
)).
----
Harary et al., from the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, [[Boston]], MA, USA, conducted a [[systematic review]] of the [[literature]] to identify cases reporting on management of distant MCC [[brain metastases]] (BM). A pooled [[survival analysis]] was performed on the institutional and literature cases to assess predictors of [[OS]].

Forty cases were included for [[analysis]], describing operative [14] and non-operative [26] [[management]]. Median time to [[central nervous system]] involvement was 17.0-mos (interquartile range 10.5-26.5), and most patients had a single BM (62.5%). Management of intracranial disease included [[radiotherapy]] (82.5%), systemic therapy (59.5%) and surgical [[resection]] (35%). Operative management was associated with a lower intracranial [[disease burden]] (DB), but similar DB. Both neurosurgery ([[hazard ratio]] [HR] 0.18, 95% [[confidence interval]] [CI]: 0.06-0.54, p = 0.002), having RT (HR 0.37, 95% CI: 0.14:0.93, p = 0.04) and having a single BM (extensive intracranial DB: HR 2.51, 95% CI: 1.12-5.6, p = 0.03) conferred an OS benefit on risk-unadjusted analysis. Only, neurosurgical resection was an independent predictor of OS (HR 0.12, 95% CI: 0.03-0.49, p = 0.003), controlling for age, DB and radiotherapy.

Resection of MCC BM may confer a survival benefit given appropriate patient selection. Prospective investigation of multimodal management of neurometastatic MCC is warranted, especially given the promise of new [[immunotherapy]] agents in treating MCC
((Harary M, Kavouridis VK, Thakuria M, Smith TR. Predictors of survival in
neurometastatic Merkel cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer. 2018 Jul 30;101:152-159.
doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2018.07.002. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30071443.
)).

----
Wu et al. reported previously that [[bone marrow]] [[mesenchymal stem cell]] (MSC)-derived neural network [[scaffold]] not only survived in the [[injury]]/[[graft]] site of [[spinal cord]] but also served as a "neuronal relay" that was capable of improving the [[limb]] motor function in a [[complete spinal cord injury]] (SCI) [[rat]] [[model]]. It remained to be explored whether such a strategy was effective for repairing the large [[spinal cord]] [[tissue]] loss as well as restoring [[motor function]] in larger [[animal]]s. 

They have therefore extended in this [[study]] to construct a canine [[MSC]]-derived neural network tissue [[in vitro]] with the aim to evaluate its efficacy in treating adult beagle dog subjected to a complete transection of the spinal cord. The results showed that after co-culturing with [[neurotropin]]-3 overexpressing [[Schwann cell]]s in a [[gelatin sponge]] [[scaffold]] for 14 days, [[TrkC]] overexpressing MSCs differentiated into neuron-like cells. In the latter, some cells appeared to make contacts with each other through synapse-like structures with trans-synaptic electrical activities. Remarkably, the SCI canines receiving the [[transplantation]] of the MSC-derived neural network tissue demonstrated a gradual restoration of paralyzed limb motor function, along with improved electrophysiological presentation when compared with the control group. [[Magnetic resonance imaging]] and [[diffusion tensor imaging]] showed that the canines receiving the MSC-derived neural network tissue exhibited robust nerve tract regeneration in the injury/graft site. Histological analysis showed that some of the MSC-derived neuron-like cells had survived in the injury/graft site up to 6.5 months. Implantation of MSC-derived neural network tissue significantly improved the microenvironment of the injury/graft site. It is noteworthy that a variable number of them had integrated with the regenerating [[corticospinal tract]] [[nerve fiber]]s and 5-HT nerve fibers through formation of synapse-like contacts. The results suggest that the transplanted MSC-derived neural network tissue may serve as a structural and functional "neuronal relay" to restore the paralyzed limb motor function in the canine with complete SCI
((Wu GH, Shi HJ, Che MT, Huang MY, Wei QS, Feng B, Ma YH, Wang LJ, Jiang B, Wang
YQ, Han I, Ling EA, Zeng X, Zeng YS. Recovery of paralyzed limb motor function in
canine with complete spinal cord injury following implantation of MSC-derived
neural network tissue. Biomaterials. 2018 Jul 17;181:15-34. doi:
10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.010. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30071379.
)).
----
A 66 year old man fell backwards from the first rung of a ladder sustaining a [[cervical transverse process fracture]] of [[C6]] [[vertebral body]] and a new [[diagnosis]] of [[ankylosing spondylitis]]. He was taken for surgical [[fixation]], however his [[oesophagus]] was discovered entrapped within the [[fracture]] at the time of [[surgery]]. Despite the severity of the [[injury]], with surgical [[reduction]], fixation and oesophageal exclusion this patient made a full recovery.

This case demonstrates the severity of injury after minor [[trauma]] in the context of [[ankylosing spondylitis]], the capacity for full recovery in oesophageal perforations in [[spinal trauma]], and that clinical suspicion of such injuries allows early [[diagnosis]], [[treatment]] and reduced [[complication]]s
((Vonhoff CR, Scandrett K, Al-Khawaja D. Minor trauma in ankylosing spondylitis 
causing combined cervical spine fracture and oesophageal injury. World Neurosurg.
2018 Jul 30. pii: S1878-8750(18)31658-9. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.07.180. [Epub
ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30071342.
)).
----

An initial [[in silico]] [[data mining]] in a published [[ependymoma]] (EPN) patient series (GSE21687) revealed [[upregulation]] of EMT-[[Transcription factor]]s (EMT-TFs) in tumor samples. Further, [[quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction]] (q-RT-PCR) based [[gene expression]] analysis of EMT-TFs in 96 EPNs showed significant up-regulation of [[SNAI1]], [[SNAI2]], [[ZEB1]], and [[TWIST1]] as compared to normal brain, associated with upregulation of [[CDH2]]/[[N-Cadherin]] and downregulation of [[CDH1]]/E-Cadherin. Although this was observed in varying degrees in all clinico-pathological-molecular subgroups of EPNs, it was most evident in [[supratentorial]] [[Ependymoma RELA fusion positive]] and in [[posterior fossa ependymoma]]s. Immunohistochemistry performed in 60 of the above cases corroborated with gene expression patterns and immunopositivity for [[Snail]], Slug, [[Zeb1]], and [[Twist1]] was observed in 80%, 80%, 81%, and 63% of all EPNs. Immunopositivity for [[N-Cadherin]] and [[E-Cadherin]] was observed in 76.6% and 2% cases respectively. Univariate Cox regression analysis showed that low expression of CDH1/E-Cadherin (P=.002) and high expression levels of CDH2/N-Cadherin (P<.001), SNAI1/Snail (P=.023), SNAI2/Slug (P<.001) and ZEB1 (P<.001) to be associated with shorter progression free survival. 

Malgulwar et al., from the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, [[New Delhi]] report for the first time the existence of EMT- like phenotype in EPNs. These factors could represent new prognostic and therapeutic targets in EPN
((Malgulwar PB, Nambirajan A, Pathak P, Rajeshwari M, Suri V, Sarkar C, Singh M,
Sharma MC. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition related transcription factors are
upregulated in ependymomas and correlate with a poor prognosis. Hum Pathol. 2018 
Jul 29. pii: S0046-8177(18)30286-7. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.07.018. [Epub
ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30067950.
)).
----
A study of Fenske et al.,from the University of [[Leipzig]],[[Würzburg]],[[Munich]], [[Lübeck]] [[Basel]] [[St. Gallen]], [[Bern]], [[Lucerne]], [[Aarau]], [[Belo Horizonte]] and the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital [[Hamburg]]-Eppendorf,  compared the indirect water-deprivation test with direct detection of plasma [[copeptin]], a precursor-derived surrogate of [[arginine vasopressin]]. 

From 2013 to 2017, they recruited 156 patients with hypotonic [[polyuria]] at 11 medical centers to undergo both water-deprivation and [[hypertonic saline]] infusion tests. In the latter test, plasma copeptin was measured when the plasma [[sodium]] level had increased to at least 150 mmol per liter after infusion of hypertonic saline. The primary outcome was the overall diagnostic accuracy of each test as compared with the final reference diagnosis, which was determined on the basis of medical history, test results, and treatment response, with copeptin levels masked. 

A total of 144 patients underwent both tests. The final diagnosis was primary [[polydipsia]] in 82 patients (57%), central diabetes insipidus in 59 (41%), and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in 3 (2%). Overall, among the 141 patients included in the analysis, the indirect water-deprivation test determined the correct diagnosis in 108 patients (diagnostic accuracy, 76.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 68.9 to 83.2), and the hypertonic saline infusion test (with a copeptin cutoff level of >4.9 pmol per liter) determined the correct diagnosis in 136 patients (96.5%; 95% CI, 92.1 to 98.6; P<0.001). The indirect water-deprivation test correctly distinguished primary polydipsia from partial central diabetes insipidus in 77 of 105 patients (73.3%; 95% CI, 63.9 to 81.2), and the hypertonic saline infusion test distinguished between the two conditions in 99 of 104 patients (95.2%; 95% CI, 89.4 to 98.1; adjusted P<0.001). One serious adverse event (desmopressin-induced hyponatremia that resulted in hospitalization) occurred during the water-deprivation test. 

The direct measurement of [[hypertonic saline]]-stimulated plasma [[copeptin]] had greater diagnostic accuracy than the water-deprivation test in patients with [[hypotonic polyuria]]. (Funded by the Swiss National Foundation and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01940614 .)
((Fenske W, Refardt J, Chifu I, Schnyder I, Winzeler B, Drummond J,
Ribeiro-Oliveira A Jr, Drescher T, Bilz S, Vogt DR, Malzahn U, Kroiss M, Christ
E, Henzen C, Fischli S, Tönjes A, Mueller B, Schopohl J, Flitsch J, Brabant G,
Fassnacht M, Christ-Crain M. A Copeptin-Based Approach in the Diagnosis of
Diabetes Insipidus. N Engl J Med. 2018 Aug 2;379(5):428-439. doi:
10.1056/NEJMoa1803760. PubMed PMID: 30067922.
)).
----
Systemic [[coexpression analysis]] of [[glioma]] could be beneficial for the identification and development of new prognostic and predictive [[marker]]s in the clinical management.

Shi et al., from [[Hangzhou]], Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, [[Shanghai]]. Department of Neurosurgery, Huai'an Second People's Hospital, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, [[China]], extracted [[data set]]s from the [[Gene Expression Omnibus]] [[data set]] by using "glioma" as the keyword. Then, a [[coexpression]] [[module]] was constructed with the help of [[Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis]] software. Besides, [[Gene Ontology]] (GO) and [[Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes]] (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed on the [[gene]]s in these modules. As a result, the critical modules and target genes were identified. Eight coexpression modules were constructed using the 4,000 genes with a high expression value of the total 141 glioma samples. The result of the analysis of the interaction among these modules showed that there was a high scale independence degree among them. The GO and KEGG enrichment analyses showed that there was a significant difference in the enriched terms and degree among these eight modules, and module 5 was identified as the most important module. Besides, the pathways it was enriched in, hsa04510: Focal adhesion and hsa04610: Complement and coagulation cascades, were determined as the most important pathways. In summary, module 5 and the pathways it was enriched in, hsa04510: Focal adhesion and has 04610: Complement and coagulation cascades, have the potential to serve as [[glioma biomarker]]s 
((Shi T, Chen J, Li J, Yang BY, Zhang QL. Identification of key gene modules and
pathways of human glioma through [[coexpression network]]. J Cell Physiol. 2018 Aug
1. doi: 10.1002/jcp.27059. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30067869.
)).
----

The age-standardized [[incidence]] of [[stroke]] has decreased globally but, for reasons unknown, conflicting results have been observed regarding trend in [[incidence]] of major stroke subtypes in young [[adult]]s.

Stroke hospitalizations of young people declined in [[Finland]], except for men 35-44 years of age for whom IS hospitalizations increased. Declining [[length of stay]] (LOS) and in-hospital [[mortality]] of IS patients suggests [[admission]] of less severe cases, improved care or both
((Sipilä JOT, Posti JP, Ruuskanen JO, Rautava P, Kytö V. Stroke hospitalization 
trends of the working-aged in Finland. PLoS One. 2018 Aug 1;13(8):e0201633. doi: 
10.1371/journal.pone.0201633. eCollection 2018. PubMed PMID: 30067825.
)).
----

Kwon et al., from the Department of Neurosurgery, [[Korea University Guro Hospital]] [[South Korea]] introduced in [[2018]] a [[technique]] and results of retro-pleural/ peritoneal "lateral pediculectomy" for the decompression of [[Thoracolumbar spine fracture]]s and [[reconstruction]] using expandable [[titanium]] [[cage]], and [[circumferential]] [[fixation]] at a single stage.

18 [[patient]]s who had single unstable, burst [[Thoracolumbar spine fracture]] were treated by this technique between January 2014 and December 2016 (T12: 9 cases, L1: 7 cases, L2: 2 cases). They were reviewed retrospectively in terms of radiologic (CT scan and X-ray), clinical [[outcome]]s and [[complication]]s. The results were compared with another cohort of Thoracolumbar spine fractures treated by posterior only surgery.

There was no radiologic complications implying [[pseudoarthrosis]] or [[instrument]] [[failure]] on the postoperative 6 months CT scan. There was also no neurologic deterioration or [[infection]]s during the same period. 2 patients (11.%) of iatrogenic and 1 patient of trauma related injury of the dura were secured without any delayed [[complication]]s. 3 patients (16.7%) of transient [[weakness]] in left hip flexion immediately after operation were observed and recovered within 2 weeks in all cases. 6 patients (33.3%) complained of [[dysesthesia]] and/or [[hypoesthesia]] on incision site.

The present technique suggests "lateral pediclectomy" as a distinct anatomic landmark and surgical tactics to access and remove bony fragment effectively and safely. This provides a more straightforward assess to the burst fragment and helps the surgeon to make better intra-operative decompression strategies. Moreover, this circumferential instrumentation with anterior support and fusion revealed better restoration of the thoracolumbar spine alignment compared to posterior only surgery, with acceptable complications rates
((Kwon WK, Park WB, Lee GY, Kim JH, Park YK, Moon HJ. Decompression with
"[[Lateral pediculectomy]]" and [[circumferential]] reconstruction for unstable
Thoracolumbar Burst Fractures : Surgical Techniques and Results in 18 Patients.
World Neurosurg. 2018 Jul 28. pii: S1878-8750(18)31615-2. doi:
10.1016/j.wneu.2018.07.137. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30064028.
)).
----
Ishida et al., from the Department of Neurosurgery, [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]] and Department of Neurosurgery, [[Kumagaya]] General Hospital [[Japan]], describe a unique surgical strategy of performing hippocampal transection (HT) plus tumor resection for CRTLE to solve the question of how to balance postoperative seizure outcomes and neuropsychological outcomes.

From 2005 to 2016, seven cases of HT plus tumor resection have been performed for the patients with CRTLE. They routinely perform intraoperative [[electrocorticography]] just before and after the resection of the tumor with [[hemosiderin rim]]. In cases with residual spikes from [[hippocampus]] after the resection, they add HT, considering laterality of the lesion, preoperative [[memory]] functions and [[MRI]] abnormalities in hippocampi. Patient information, including follow-up periods, [[seizure]] outcomes, and preoperative and postoperative (12 months postoperatively) [[Wechsler Memory Scale]]-Revised (WMS-R), has been collected.

In the mean follow-up of 62.7 months [range 20-119], the postoperative seizure outcome is as follows: [[Engel class]] I in six cases (85.7%) and II in one case (14.3%). Perioperative changes in WMS-R score were as follows: 93.5 preoperatively versus 99.5 postoperatively (P=0.408) in verbal memory and 90.7 versus 98.0 (P=0.351) in delayed recall. Overall, no patient presented with more than 25% decline in any of the WMS-R indices postoperatively.

Postoperative seizure outcomes are acceptable in this study with favorable postoperative memory outcomes. Although it did not reach the statistical significance, memory functions were rather improved postoperatively. In patients with CRTLE, additional HT is a reasonable treatment option
((Ishida W, Morino M, Matsumoto T, Casaos J, Ramhmdani S, Lo SL. [[Hippocampal
Transection]] Plus Tumor Resection as a Novel Surgical Treatment for [[Temporal Lobe 
Epilepsy]] Associated with [[Cerebral Cavernous Malformation]]s. World Neurosurg. 2018 
Jul 28. pii: S1878-8750(18)31586-9. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.07.108. [Epub ahead 
of print] PubMed PMID: 30064030.
)).
----
Understanding the [[cost]]s of microsurgical or radiosurgical [[intracranial meningioma treatment]] may offer direction in reducing [[healthcare cost]]s and establishing cost-effective [[algorithm]]s. 

Abou-Al-Shaar et al., from the Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of [[Utah]], [[Salt Lake City]], used the Value-Driven Outcome (VDO) database, which identifies cost drivers and tracks changes over time, to evaluate cost drivers for management of intracranial meningioma.

A single-center, retrospective cohort of patients undergoing microsurgical or radiosurgical treatment of intracranial meningiomas from July 2011 to April 2017 was analyzed. Patient and tumor characteristics, subcategory costs, and potential cost drivers were analyzed within each treatment modality.

Of 268 intracranial meningiomas treated, 198 were managed microsurgically and 70 with [[stereotactic radiosurgery]] (SRS). Facility costs were the largest contributor to total costs for [[microsurgery]] (59.7%), whereas imaging costs were the largest contributor to SRS total costs (98.2%). Patients with tumors in non-skull base locations had larger tumors (3.7±1.9 vs. 2.7±1.2 cm, p=0.0001) and were more likely to undergo microsurgery (81.7% vs. 55.2%) than patients with [[skull base tumor]]s. Univariable analysis suggested that [[ASA Score]], [[length of stay]], [[discharge]] disposition, and maximal tumor size impacted cost during microsurgery (p=0.001) but only LOS (p=0.0001) and maximal tumor size (p=0.01) were drivers of total costs on multivariate analysis. For radiosurgery, age significantly affected cost in univariable (p=0.001) and multivariate analysis (p=0.003).

Implementing [[protocol]]s to reduce facility utilization and imaging would mitigate total costs and improve resource utilization, while maintaining high-quality patient [[care]]. Additional [[cost effectiveness]] studies evaluating patients with true therapeutic equipoise will provide further guidance in these efforts
((Abou-Al-Shaar H, Azab MA, Michael Karsy, Guan J, Couldwell WT, Jensen RL.
Assessment of Costs in Open [[Microsurgery]] and [[Stereotactic Radiosurgery]] for
[[Intracranial Meningioma]]s. World Neurosurg. 2018 Jul 28. pii:
S1878-8750(18)31639-5. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.07.161. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 30064026.
)).
----
Arabi H, Ghazi M, Zyani M, Akhaddar A, Niamane R. [[The Back Book]] translated to
Arabic. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2018 Jul 28. pii: S1877-0657(18)31431-3. doi:
10.1016/j.rehab.2018.07.004. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30063980.

----
The objective of a [[systematic literature review]] was to evaluate if [[intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring]] (IONM) can prevent neurological injury during spinal operative surgical procedures.

IONM seems to have presumable positive effects in identifying [[neurological deficit]]s. However, the role of IONM in the decrease of new neurological deficits remains unclear.

Using the [[Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalyses]] ([[PRISMA]]) [[guideline]]s for [[systematic review]]s and [[Meta-analysis]], Daniel et al., from [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]], reviewed clinical [[comparative study]] who evaluate the rate of new neurological events in patients who had a [[spinal surgery]] with and without IONM. Studies were then classified according to their [[level of evidence]]. Methodological quality was assessed according to methodological index for non-[[randomized]] studies instrument.

Six studies were evaluated comparing neurological events with and without IONM use by the random effects model. There was a great statistical [[heterogeneity]]. The [[pooled]] [[odds ratio]] (OR) was 0.72 {0.71; 1.79}, P = 0.4584. A specific analysis was done for two studies reporting the results of IONM for spinal surgery of [[intramedullary]] lesions. The OR was 0.1993 (0.0384; 1.0350), P = 0.0550.

IONM did not result into fewer neurological events with the obtained evidence of the included studies. For intramedullary lesions, there was a trend to fewer neurological events in patients who underwent surgery with IONM. Further [[prospective]] [[randomized]] studies are necessary to clarify the [[indication]]s of IONM in [[spinal surgery]]
((Daniel JW, Botelho RV, Milano JB, Dantas FR, Onishi FJ, Neto ER, Bertolini EF,
Borgheresi MAD, Joaquim AF. [[Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring in Spine
Surgery]]: A [[Systematic Review]] and [[Meta-Analysis]]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2018
Aug;43(16):1154-1160. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000002575. PubMed PMID: 30063222.
)).
----
[[Patient recall]] of [[information]] about [[procedure]]s, including [[risk]]s and [[benefit]]s and potential [[outcome]]s, is often insufficient. 

Bethune et al., from University of [[Toronto]], sought to determine whether a [[multimedia]] [[patient education]]al [[tool]] enhances the [[informed consent]] [[discussion]] for elective [[neurosurgical procedure]]s by increasing patient [[knowledge]] of the [[procedure]].

Adult patients from a single neurosurgical site eligible for 4 [[neurosurgical procedure]]s ([[lumbar spine]] or cervical spine [[decompression]] for [[degenerative disease]], [[craniotomy]] for [[brain tumor]] or [[trigeminal neuralgia treatment]]) were offered enrolment. Patients were randomly assigned to either the control arm (standard consent discussion) or the intervention arm (review of an e-book containing information tailored to their disease/injury plus standard consent discussion). Participants completed a 14-item [[questionnaire]] before and after the [[consent]] [[discussion]].

[[Questionnaire]]s were completed by 38 participants, 18 in the control group and 20 in the intervention group. The mean age was 62.2 (standard deviation [SD] 13.6) years and did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. The mean baseline questionnaire scores were similar for the control and intervention groups (20.4 [SD 7.3] v. 20.6 [SD 6.7]). However, the mean scores on the follow-up questionnaire were significantly different between the 2 groups (20.2 [SD 4.0] v. 23.2 [SD 4.9], p = 0.02). There was no change in the scores on the 2 questionnaires in the control group, whereas, in the intervention group, the mean score was significantly higher after the intervention (p = 0.03).

The use of an electronic [[booklet]] appears to improve patients' knowledge of their surgical [[procedure]]. The use of [[multimedia]] booklets in clinical practice could help standardize and optimize the consent process, ensuring that patients receive the relevant information to make a truly informed decision
((Bethune A, Davila-Foyo M, Valli M, da Costa L. e-Consent: approaching surgical
consent with mobile technology. Can J Surg. 2018 Aug 1;61(5):16017. doi:
10.1503/cjs.016017. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30062997.
)).

----
Findlay et al., from [[London]] and [[Edinburgh]], researched for [[cervical total disc replacement]] versus [[anterior cervical discectomy and fusion]].

[[Database]]s including [[Medline]], [[Embase]], and [[Scopus]] were searched. [[Inclusion criteria]] involved [[prospective]] [[randomized control trial]]s (RCTs) reporting the surgical treatment of patients with symptomatic [[degenerative cervical disc disease]]. Two [[independent investigator]]s extracted the [[data]]. The strength of [[evidence]] was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation ([[GRADE]]) criteria. The primary [[outcome]] measures were overall and neurological success, and these were included in the [[meta-analysis]]. Standardized patient-reported [[outcome]]s, including the [[incidence]] of further surgery and adjacent segment disease, were summarized and discussed.

A total of 22 [[paper]]s published from 14 [[randomized control trial]]s (RCTs) were included, representing 3160 patients with follow-up of up to ten years. [[Meta-analysis]] indicated that TDR is superior to ACDF at two years and between four and seven years. In the short-term, patients who underwent TDR had better patient-reported outcomes than those who underwent ACDF, but at two years this was typically not significant. Results between four and seven years showed significant differences in [[Neck Disability Index]] (NDI), 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey ([[SF-36]]) physical component scores, [[dysphagia]], and satisfaction, all favouring TDR. Most [[trial]]s found significantly less [[adjacent segment disease]] after TDR at both two years (short-term) and between four and seven years (medium- to long-term).

TDR is as effective as ACDF and superior for some outcomes. Disc replacement reduces the risk of [[adjacent segment disease]]. Continued uncertainty remains about degeneration of the prosthesis. Long-term surveillance of patients who undergo TDR may allow its routine use
((Findlay C, Ayis S, Demetriades AK. Total disc replacement versus anterior
cervical discectomy and fusion. Bone Joint J. 2018 Aug;100-B(8):991-1001. doi:
10.1302/0301-620X.100B8.BJJ-2018-0120.R1. PubMed PMID: 30062947.
)).
----
Lefevre et al., from the Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, [[Paris]], [[France]] published a [[retrospective]] [[multicenter study]], reporting the clinical manifestations, radiological characteristics, histopathological features, treatment strategies and long-term [[outcome]]s of patients who have been treated for a [[Pituicytoma]] at various institutions in Paris, France over the past 10 years. In addition, they compared the results to the world [[literature]] in order to identify similarities concerning the radiographic diagnosis and the treatment strategies of these tumors.

Eight patients were operated on in four different hospitals. Misdiagnosis was constant before surgery, [[pituitary neuroendocrine tumor]] or [[craniopharyngioma]] being suspected. During surgery ([[transsphenoidal approach]]: six cases, transcranial [[approach]]: two cases) unusual tumors were noted, with important bleeding in most cases. Complete resection could be obtained in five patients. Pathological diagnosis was confirmed in all cases. During the follow up two [[recurrence]]s occurred. One was subsequently treated with [[radiotherapy]], the other underwent a second surgery.

Recent updates concerning the histological diagnosis of pituicytomas should be generalized to our practice in order to provide a better understanding of this rare pathology and its natural course
((Lefevre E, Bouazza S, Bielle F, Boch AL. Management of pituicytomas: a
multicenter series of eight cases. Pituitary. 2018 Jul 31. doi:
10.1007/s11102-018-0905-3. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30062665.
)).

----


Benzil DL. Commentary: Greening the Operating Room: Results of a Scalable
Initiative to Reduce [[Waste]] and Recover Supply [[Cost]]s. Neurosurgery. 2018 Jul 27.
doi: 10.1093/neuros/nyy283. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30060247.

Department of Neurosurgery, [[Cleveland Clinic]], [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]].
----
Fulkerson DH, Jea A, Luerssen TG. In Memoriam: [[John Edward Kalsbeck]], MD
(1928-2017). Neurosurgery. 2017 Aug 1;81(2):383-385. doi: 10.1093/neuros/nyx345. 
PubMed PMID: 30060242.
----
Wilkinson et al., from the Department of Neurosurgery, University of [[Michigan]], [[Ann Arbor]], performed a retrospective analysis of all patients with [[autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]] (ADPKD) and IAs at a single center from 2000 to 2016.

Forty-five patients with ADPKD harboring 71 [[aneurysm]]s were identified, including 11 patients with [[subarachnoid hemorrhage]] ([[SAH]]). Of 22 aneurysms managed with observation, none ruptured in 136 yr of clinical follow-up. Thirty-five aneurysms were treated with open surgery and 14 with an [[endovascular]] approach. Among treated aneurysms, poor neurologic outcome ([[modified Rankin scale]] >2) was seen only in patients presenting with SAH (17% SAH vs 0% elective, P = .06). Acute kidney injury (AKI) was also significantly associated with SAH presentation (22% SAH vs 0% elective, P = .05). Neither procedural [[complication]]s nor AKI were associated with treatment modality. Among 175 yr of radiographic follow-up in patients with known IAs, 8 de novo aneurysms were found, including 3 that were treated. Of 11 patients with SAH, 7 ruptured in the setting of previously known ADPKD, including 2 with prior angiographic [[screening]] and 5 without screening.

Poor [[outcome]]s occurred only with ruptured presentation but were equivalent between treatment modalities. Screening is performed only selectively, and 64% (7 of 11) of patients presenting with SAH had previously known ADPKD
((Wilkinson DA, Heung M, Deol A, Chaudhary N, Gemmete JJ, Thompson BG, Pandey
AS. Cerebral Aneurysms in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: A
Comparison of Management Approaches. Neurosurgery. 2018 Jul 27. doi:
10.1093/neuros/nyy336. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30060240.)).
----
Single-stage [[spine shortening osteotomy]] without treating spinal cord malformations may have potential advantages for the treatment of severe [[congenital scoliosis]] (CS) with [[Type I Split Cord Malformation]] (SSCM); however, the study of this technique was limited.

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a single-stage [[spine shortening osteotomy]] in the treatment of severe CS associated with type I SSCM. Huang et al., published a retrospective study designed to compare 2 case series including 12 severe [[congenital scoliosis]] (CS) patients with type I SSCM and 26 patients with type A cord function (without spinal cord malformations, [[evoked potential]] abnormalities, and neurological dysfunctions preoperatively) treated with a single-stage spine-shortening posterior vertebral column resection (PVCR). Patient demographic, clinical, operative, and radiographic data were obtained and compared between groups.

The surgical procedure was successfully performed in both groups, and the patients were observed for an average of 44.9 mo (range 25-78 mo) after the initial surgery. The radiographic parameters, intraoperative data, and new neurological deficits showed no difference, while deformity angular ratio (SSCM group: control group = 16.6 ± 3.6: 20.1 ± 3.9, P = .01) and corrective rate (SSCM group: control group = 50%: 58%, P = .046) of the main curve were statistically different between groups. All of the new neurological deficits were recovered within 1 yr.

The single-stage spine-shortening posterior vertebral column resection (PVCR) with moderate correction could be applied to the treatment of CS associated with type I SSCM. This strategy can achieve safe [[spinal deformity]] correction while obviate the neurological complications brought by the [[detethering]] procedures, which merits further clinical investigation
((Huang Z, Li X, Deng Y, Sui W, Fan H, Yang J, Yang J. The Treatment of Severe
Congenital [[Scoliosis]] Associated With Type I [[Split Cord Malformation]]: Is a
Preliminary Bony Septum Resection Always Necessary? Neurosurgery. 2018 Jul 27.
doi: 10.1093/neuros/nyy237. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30060239.)).
----
In a study from Rasulić et al. published in [[2018]] of surgically treated civilian traumatic [[brachial plexus injury]] in [[Serbia]], there were seven different etiological factors. The [[road traffic accident]]s were the most common-41 (60.3%), while the [[motorcycle accident]]s were the most dominant subtype (53.7%) of all road traffic accidents, and also representing 32.4% of all causes of [[trauma]]. Supraclavicular elements of the [[brachial plexus]] were injured in more than 80% of patients. A total of 49 (72.1%) patients from the study had one or more associated injuries. The most common associated injuries were [[bone fracture]]s, [[cerebral contusion]]s, and [[vascular injury]]
((Rasulić L, Savić A, Lepić M, Puzović V, Karaleić S, Kovačević V, Vitošević F, 
Samardžić M. Epidemiological characteristics of surgically treated civilian
traumatic [[brachial plexus]] injuries in [[Serbia]]. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2018 Jul 29.
doi: 10.1007/s00701-018-3640-7. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30056518.
)).
----
Golpayegani et al., from the Department of Neurosurgery, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, [[Tehran]], [[Iran]], reported in [[2018]] the first congenital case of huge bilateral [[temporal horn entrapment]]. A six-month-old boy was admitted with progressive [[intracranial hypertension]] who was managed with bilateral [[ventricular catheter]]s and Y tube connected to one [[peritoneal catheter]]
((Golpayegani M, Salari F, Anbarlouei M, Habibi Z, Nejat F. Huge bilateral
temporal horn entrapment: a congenital abnormality and management. Childs Nerv
Syst. 2018 Jul 28. doi: 10.1007/s00381-018-3924-5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed
PMID: 30056473.
)).
----
Sato et al., from [[Fukushima]], Japan, [[Essen]], [[Germany]], published in [[2018]] a novel high-resolution [[intraoperative imaging]] system using [[laser light]] source for simultaneously visualizing both visible [[light]] and [[near infrared]] (NIR) [[fluorescence]] images of [[indocyanine green videoangiography]] (ICG-VA).

They used a novel system for 14 [[cerebrovascular]] cases. The [[operative field]] was illuminated via an  [[surgical microscope]] using a novel [[laser light]] source with four bands at 464 (blue), 532 (green), 640 (red), and 785 nm (NIR region). The observed light from the operative field was split using a beam splitter cube into visible (420- 660 nm) and NIR fluorescence emission light (832-900 nm). Images from the color video and NIR fluorescence emission windows were merged for visualization on a monitor screen simultaneously. [[Laser light]] was compared with [[xenon light]], and both setups were tested for [[cerebrovascular surgery]].

[[Laser light]] has numerous advantages over [[xenon light]]. The present setup clearly visualized the color operative field with enhanced blood flow. Complete [[clipping]] or incomplete clipping with neck remnant or remnant flow into an [[aneurysm]] was confirmed in aneurysm surgeries. [[Feeding artery]] and draining [[vein]]s were easily distinguished in case of [[arteriovenous malformation]].

Using the present setup, they can observe the color operative field and enhanced [[blood flow]] using ICG in real-time. This setup could facilitate [[cerebrovascular surgery]]
((Sato T, Bakhit M, Suzuki K, Sakuma J, Fujii M, Murakami Y, Ito Y, Sure U,
Saito K. A Novel Intraoperative Laser Light Imaging System to Simultaneously
Visualize Visible Light and Near-Infrared Fluorescence for Indocyanine Green
Videoangiography. Cerebrovasc Dis Extra. 2018 Jul 27;8(2):96-100. doi:
10.1159/000490872. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30056450.
)).
----
A study of Çavdar et al., from  [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]], in [[2018]] aims to define the cortical and subcortical and [[brain stem]] connections of the [[cerebellum]] via the [[superior cerebellar peduncle]] (SCP) and [[middle cerebellar peduncle]] (MCP) using [[biotinylated dextran amine]] (BDA) and [[FluoroGold]] (FG) tracer in [[Wistar rat]]s. 14 male rats received 20-50-nl pressure injections of either FG or BDA tracer into the SCP and MCP. Following 7-10 days of survival period, the animals were processed according to the related protocol for two tracers. Labelled cells and [[axon]]s were documented using light and [[fluorescence microscope]]. The SCP connects cerebellum to the [[insula]]r and infralimbic cortices whereas, MCP addition to the [[insula]]r cortex, it also connects [[cerebellum]] to the [[rhinal cortex]], primary [[sensory cortex]], [[piriform cortex]] and [[auditory cortex]]. Both SCP and MCP connected the cerebellum to the ventral, lateral, posterior and central, [[thalamic nuclei]]. Additionally, SCP also connects parafasicular thalamic nucleus to the cerebellum. The SCP connects cerebellum to [[basal ganglia]] (ventral pallidum and clastrum) and [[limbic]] structures ([[amygdala]] nuclei and bed nucleus of [[stria terminalis]]), however, the MCP have no connections with basal ganglia or limbic structures. Both the SCP and MCP densely connects cerebellum to various brainstem structures. Attaining the knowledge of the connections of the SCP and MCP is important for the diagnosis of lesions in the MCP and SCP and would deepen current understanding of the [[neural circuit]] of various diseases or lesions involving the SCP and MCP
((Çavdar S, Özgür M, Kuvvet Y, Bay H, Aydogmus E. Cortical, subcortical and
brain stem connections of the cerebellum via the superior and middle cerebellar
peduncle in the rat. J Integr Neurosci. 2018 Jul 25. doi: 10.3233/JIN-180090.
[Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30056432.)).
----
Shimada et al., from the Department of Neurosurgery, [[Minamisoma]] Municipal General Hospital, [[Japan]]. compared in [[2018]] [[hospital]] [[mortality]] in [[patient]]s who sheltered-in-place (non-evacuees) after the incident with the baseline preincident mortality and articulated postincident circumstances of the hospital while sheltering-in-place.

They considered all 484 patients admitted to Takano Hospital (located 22 km South of the [[Fukushima]] Daiichi nuclear power plant) from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2016.

Significant differences in mortality rates between preincident baseline and three postincident groups (evacuees, non-evacuees (our major interest) and new admittees) were tested using the Bayesian survival analysis with Weibull multivariate regression and survival probability using the Kaplan-Meier product limit method. All the analyses were separately performed by the internal and psychiatry department.

After adjusting for covariates, non-evacuees in the internal department had a significantly higher mortality risk with an HR of 1.57 (95% credible intervals 1.11 to 2.18) than the baseline preincident. Of them, most deaths occurred within the first 100 days of the incident. No significant increase in mortality risk was identified in evacuees and new admittees postincident in the department, which were adjusted for covariates. In contrast, for the psychiatry department, statistical difference in mortality risk was not identified in any groups.

The mortality risk of sheltering-in-place in a harsh environment might be comparable to those in an unplanned evacuation. If sheltering-in-place with sufficient resources is not guaranteed, evacuation could be a reasonable option, which might save more lives of vulnerable people if performed in a well-planned manner with satisfactory arrangements for appropriate transportation and places to safely evacuate
((Shimada Y, Nomura S, Ozaki A, Higuchi A, Hori A, Sonoda Y, Yamamoto K, Yoshida
I, Tsubokura M. Balancing the risk of the evacuation and sheltering-in-place
options: a survival study following Japan's 2011 Fukushima nuclear incident. BMJ 
Open. 2018 Jul 28;8(7):e021482. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021482. PubMed PMID:
30056383.
)).
----
[[Synaptic plasticity]], induced by the close temporal association of two [[neural signal]]s, supports associative forms of [[learning]]. However, the millisecond timescales for association often do not match the much longer delays for behaviorally relevant signals that supervise learning. In particular, information about the behavioral outcome of neural activity can be delayed, leading to a problem of temporal credit assignment. Recent studies suggest that synaptic plasticity can have temporal rules that not only accommodate the delays relevant to the circuit, but also be precisely tuned to the behavior the circuit supports. These discoveries highlight the diversity of [[plasticity]] rules, whose temporal requirements may depend on circuit delays and the contingencies of behavior
((Suvrathan A. Beyond STDP-towards diverse and functionally relevant plasticity 
rules. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2018 Jul 26;54:12-19. doi:
10.1016/j.conb.2018.06.011. [Epub ahead of print] Review. PubMed PMID: 30056261.
)).
----
The risk of [[hip dislocation]] increases with the severity and extent of [[cerebral palsy]] (CP), exceeding 70% in the most severe cases. [[Hip dislocation]] causes [[pain]] in up to 30% of cases, carries a risk of orthopaedic and cutaneous [[complication]]s, and hinders patient installation and nursing [[care]]. These adverse [[outcome]]s warrant routine [[screening]], which has been proven effective in lessening the frequency and severity of hip displacement. Preventive techniques including [[physical therapy]], orthoses, and treatments to alleviate [[spasticity]] are strongly recommended in every case. The beneficial effects of treating [[spasticity]], if needed via neurosurgical procedures, have been convincingly established. Orthopaedic surgery is required when prevention fails. Soft-tissue release is designed to correct the asymmetry in the forces applied by the [[muscle]]s. [[Femoral osteotomy]] creates the possibility for spontaneous correction of secondary acetabular dysplasia. Progress has been made in standardising the use of multilevel surgery involving the soft tissues, [[femur]], and [[pelvis]], which is often effective in correcting the morphological abnormalities and stabilising the joint. When hip pain or alterations are severe, hip resection or total hip arthroplasty are highly effective in alleviating the pain and improving patient comfort. The [[spastic hip]] is a complex condition in which currently available screening protocols and treatment strategies have been proven effective in benefitting patient outcomes
((Dohin B. The Spastic Hip in Children and Adolescents. Orthop Traumatol Surg
Res. 2018 Jul 26. pii: S1877-0568(18)30197-X. doi: 10.1016/j.otsr.2018.03.018.
[Epub ahead of print] Review. PubMed PMID: 30056240.
)).
----
Emerging evidence implicates sphingosine-1-phosphate ([[S1P]]) [[signaling]] in the [[pathobiology]] of [[glioblastoma]] and [[angiogenesis]], but its role in glioblastoma-endothelial [[crosstalk]] remains largely unknown. In a study of Hadi et al., in [[2018]] from the Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico [[Milan]], Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of [[Pavia]], [[Italy]], sought to determine whether the crosstalk between glioblastoma cells and brain [[endothelial cell]]s regulates sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in the [[tumor microenvironment]]. Using human glioblastoma and brain endothelial cell lines, as well as primary brain endothelial cells derived from human glioblastoma, they report that glioblastoma-co-culture promotes the expression, activity, and plasma membrane enrichment of sphingosine kinase 2 in brain endothelial cells, leading to increased cellular level of sphingosine-1-phosphate, and significant potentiation of its secretion. In turn, extracellular sphingosine-1-phosphate stimulates glioblastoma cell proliferation, and brain endothelial cells migration and angiogenesis. They also showed that, after co-culture, glioblastoma cells exhibit enhanced expression of [[S1P1]] and [[S1P3]], the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors that are of paramount importance for cell growth and invasivity. Collectively, the results envision glioblastoma-endothelial crosstalk as a multi-compartmental strategy to enforce pro-tumoral sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in the glioblastoma microenvironment
((Hadi LA, Anelli V, Guarnaccia L, Navone S, Beretta M, Moccia F, Tringali C,
Urechie V, Campanella R, Marfia G, Riboni L. A bidirectional [[crosstalk]] between
[[glioblastoma]] and brain [[endothelial cell]]s potentiates the angiogenic and
proliferative signaling of [[sphingosine]]-1-phosphate in the glioblastoma
microenvironment. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2018 Jul 26. pii: S1388-1981(18)30177-X. 
doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.07.009. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30056170.
)).
----
Using a bioinformatic approach, Wu et al., from the Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou. Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated [[Changzhou]] NO.2 People's Hospital. Department of Chemoradiation Oncology, The First Affiliated hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, [[China]], identified a [[microRNA]], miR-1273 g-3p, that is predicted to target the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of MAGEA3/6. Analyzing miR-1273 g-3p expression in human colon cancer tissues, they found a reduction in miR-1273 g-3p expression correlating with increased MAGEA3/6 expression and AMPKα1 downregulation. Expression of miR-1273 g in HT-29 cells and primary human colon cancer cells down-regulated MAGEA3/6, leading to AMPKα1 upregulation, inhibition of proliferation and cell apoptosis. The anti-CRC activity of miR-1273 g was blocked by AMPKα1 knockout. MAGEA3/6 shRNA silencing mimicked and abolished miR-1273 g-induced actions in HT-29 cells. In vivo, miR-1273 g- or MAGEA3/6 shRNA-expressing HT-29 tumors grew significantly slower than control tumors. 

They propose a novel MicroRNA-based mechanism, whereby miR-1273 g represses MAGEA3/6 expression in human CRC cells and tissues, which may provide a novel cancer-specific therapeutic
((Wu F, Liu F, Dong L, Yang H, He X, Li L, Zhao L, Jin S, Li G. miR-1273g
silences MAGEA3/6 to inhibit human colorectal cancer cell growth via activation
of AMPK signaling. Cancer Lett. 2018 Jul 26. pii: S0304-3835(18)30495-6. doi:
10.1016/j.canlet.2018.07.031. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30056111.
)).
----
The aim of a study of Dou et al., was to observe the influence of combined zinc and [[folic acid]] administration on [[depression]] and to explore its [[mechanism of action]]. Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, model, paroxetine (P), zinc + folic acid (ZnY), and zinc + folic acid + paroxetine (ZnYP) groups. Rat models of depression were established by chronic mild unpredictable stress for three weeks. These rats were then treated with different interventions for four weeks and the sucrose preference test was then performed to observe changes in rats' behavior. An HPLC-electrochemical method was used to detect the levels of [[5-hydroxytryptamine]] (5-HT), [[dopamine]] (DA) and [[norepinephrine]] (NE) in the frontal cortex. qRT-PCR was employed to detect the [[mRNA]] levels of [[Tropomyosin receptor kinase B]] (Trk B) and N-methyl-D-aspartate acid ([[NMDA]]) in the frontal cortex; Western blotting was used to detect the protein levels of [[brain derived neurotrophic factor]] ([[BDNF]]) in the frontal cortex. The results showed that compared with the model group, sucrose consumption, 5-HT, NE and DA levels were significantly increased in the ZnY group (P < 0.05). Also the mRNA levels of Trk B and NMDA were significantly increased in the ZnY group compared with the model group (P < 0.001). No significant up-regulation of BDNF was observed in the ZnY group. 

They conclude that combined administration of [[zinc]] and [[folic acid]] can improve the symptoms of [[depression]]-model rats, and its mechanism is related to increased levels of 5-HT, DA and NE in the brain, and to the up-regulation of Trk B and NMDA
((Dou M, Gong AJ, Liang H, Wang Q, Wu Y, Ma A, Han L. Improvement of Symptoms in
a Rat Model of Depression through combined Zinc and Folic Acid Administration via
Up-regulation of the Trk B and NMDA. Neurosci Lett. 2018 Jul 26. pii:
S0304-3940(18)30515-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.07.036. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 30056106.
)).
----
Prabhala et al., from the Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, [[Albany]] Medical College, Acoustic Med Systems, Savoy United States, was to assess the effects of external [[focused ultrasound]] on sensory thresholds utilizing a [[common peroneal nerve]] injury (CPNI) rat model. CPNI was induced by ligating the [[common peroneal nerve]] (CPN) of the left hind paw. Neuropathic phenotype was confirmed using the Von Frey Fibers (VFF) with a 50% mechanical detection threshold below 4.0. The Place Escape Avoidance Paradigm (PEAP) was employed as a behavioral correlate. External FUS treatment was applied to the left L4,5 DRG at 8 W for 3-minutes. There were two treatment groups; one received a single FUS treatment, while the other received two. Control groups consisted of one sham CPNI group that received FUS treatment and a CPNI group that received sham FUS treatment. Behavioral tests were conducted pre-CPNI surgery, 1-week post-surgery, and for 1-week post-FUS treatment(s). CPNI surgery resulted in lower VFF mechanical thresholds in the left hind paw compared to baseline (p < 0.0001) and increased proportion of time spent on bright side compared to baseline values on PEAP (p = 0.0473), indicating neuropathic state. FUS treatment increased VFF thresholds after 24-hours (p < 0.0001), 48-hours (p = 0.0079), and 72-hours (p = 0.0164). VFF returned to baseline values from day 4-7. Following a second FUS treatment on day 8, increased mechanical thresholds were similarly observed after 24-hours (p = 0.0021), 48-hours (p < 0.0001), and 72-hours (p = 0.0256). Control group analysis showed (1) CPNI rats experienced no change in mechanical thresholds following sham FUS treatment and (2) Sham CPNI rats receiving FUS did not experience significantly different mechanical thresholds compared to baseline and post-CPNI values. Post-FUS histological analysis demonstrated healthy ganglion cells without chromatolysis. 

The results demonstrate changes in VFF and PEAP in rats who underwent CPNI. Single and multiple doses of external FUS increase mechanical thresholds without inducing histological damage. Based on this results, they demonstrated the potential of FUS to serve as a non-pharmacological and non-ablative neuromodulatory approach for the treatment of [[allodynia]] and [[neuropathic pain]]
((Prabhala T, Hellman A, Walling I, Maietta T, Qian J, Burdette C, Neubauer P,
Shao M, Stapleton A, Thibodeau J, Pilitsis JG. External Focused Ultrasound
Treatment for Neuropathic Pain Induced by Common Peroneal Nerve Injury. Neurosci 
Lett. 2018 Jul 26. pii: S0304-3940(18)30516-0. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.07.037.
[Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30056105.
)).
----
Intrasciatic nerve injection of the Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA or ricin) causes [[motor neuron disease]] with functional deficits, such as those that occur in [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]] (ALS). 

The objective of a study of Liang et al., from [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]], [[Baltimore]], was to develop a new comprehensive platform for quantitative evaluation of [[motor neuron]] (MN) loss, muscular [[atrophy]] and behavioral deficits using different ricin injection regimens.

[[Fluorogold]] (FG)-guided [[stereology]] of MNs, in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of muscular atrophy, and [[CatWalk]] behavioral testing were used to evaluate the outcome of rats treated with different ricin regimens (RCA60 0.5 µg, RCA60 3 µg, and RCA120 6 µg) as animal models of MN degeneration.

FG-guided stereological counting of MNs enabled identification, dissection and robust quantification of ricin-induced MN loss. The RCA60 0.5 µg and RCA120 6 µg regimens were found to be best suited as preclinical MN depletion models, with a low mortality and a reproducible MN loss, accompanied by muscle atrophy and functional deficits evaluated by MRI and the CatWalk method, respectively.

1) Fluorogold neuronal tracing provides a robust and straightforward means for quantifying MN loss in the spinal cord; 2) MRI is well-suited to non-invasively assess muscle atrophy; and 3) The CatWalk method is more flexible than rotarod test for studying motor deficits.

Intrasciatic injection of RCA60 or RCA120 induces nerve injury and muscle atrophy, which can be properly evaluated by a comprehensive platform using FG-guided quantitative 3D topographic histological analysis, MRI and the CatWalk behavioral test
((Liang Y, Zhang J, Walczak P, Bulte JWM. Quantification of Motor Neuron Loss
and Muscular Atrophy in Ricin-Induced Focal Nerve Injury. J Neurosci Methods.
2018 Jul 26. pii: S0165-0270(18)30221-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.07.014.
[Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30056087.
)).
----
Results in fifty-three spontaneous hypertensive [[rat]]s, suggest that even at therapeutic plasma concentrations, [[rivaroxaban]] may increase the risk of hemorrhagic transformation (HT) after [[thrombolysis]] in some conditions, such as [[hypertension]] and/or a prolonged ischemic period.

Izuma et al., from the Department of Neurosurgery, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, [[Ube]], [[Japan]], performed transient [[middle cerebral artery]] occlusion for 270 minutes. [[Placebo]], 10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg rivaroxaban were administered via a stomach tube 180 minutes after induction of [[ischemia]], and [[rtPA]] (10 mg/kg) was administered just before reperfusion. Ninety minutes after rivaroxaban administration we measured the rivaroxaban plasma concentration and [[prothrombin time]] (PT). HT volume was assessed by [[hemoglobin]] [[spectrophotometry]]. Additionally, [[infarct]] volume, [[IgG]] leakage volume, and neurological [[outcome]] were assessed.

Rivaroxaban plasma concentration and PT increased in a dose dependent manner but were lower than human peak levels after a once-daily dose of 20 mg rivaroxaban. HT volume increased after treatment with 20 mg/kg rivaroxaban compared with placebo treated controls or those treated with 10 mg/kg rivaroxaban (26.5 ± 5.4, 26.8 ± 8.7, and 41.4 ± 12.6 μL in placebo, 10 mg/kg, and 20 mg/kg treated groups, respectively; P < .05).
((Izuma H, Oka F, Ishihara H, Inoue T, Suehiro E, Nomura S, Suzuki M.
Thrombolysis with rt-PA under Rivaroxaban Anticoagulation in a Hypertensive Rat
Model of Intraluminal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis.
2018 Jul 25. pii: S1052-3057(18)30304-5. doi:
10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.06.003. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
30056000.
)).
----
There is contradictory [[evidence]] in the [[literature]] on the role of [[nitric oxide]] in the pathophysiology of [[traumatic brain injury]] (TBI). These contradictory perspectives are likely due to different [[Nitric oxide synthase]] (NOS) isoforms - endothelial (eNOS), inducible (iNOS) and [[neuron]]al (nNOS) which are expressed in the [[central nervous system]]. Of these, the role of nNOS in acute [[injury]] remains less clear. 

A study of Madan et al., from the [[Baylor College of Medicine]], [[Houston]], aimed to employ a genetic approach by overexpressing [[arginase]] isoforms specifically in [[neuron]]s using a [[Thy-1]] promoter to manipulate cell autonomous NO production in the context of TBI. The hypothesis was that increased arginase would divert [[arginine]] from pathological NO production. 

They generated 2 mouse lines that overexpress arginase I (a cytoplasmic enzyme) or arginase II (a mitochondrial enzyme) in neurons of [[FVB mice]]. 

They found that two-weeks after induction of controlled cortical injury, overexpressing arginase I but not arginase II in neurons significantly reduced contusion size and contusion index compared to wild-type (WT) mice. This study establishes enhanced neuronal arginase levels as a strategy to affect the course of TBI and provides support for the potential role of neuronal NO production in this condition
((Madan S, Kron B, Jin Z, Al Shamy G, Campeau PM, Sun Q, Chen S, Cherian L, Chen
Y, Munivez E, Jiang MM, Robertson C, Goodman C, Ratan RR, Lee B. [[Arginase]]
overexpression in [[neuron]]s and its effect on [[traumatic brain injury]]. Mol Genet
Metab. 2018 Jul 25. pii: S1096-7192(18)30279-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.07.007.
[Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30055993.
)).
----
While [[dopamine agonist]]s are a primary method of therapeutic treatment for [[Lactotroph adenoma]], the rate of resistance to these [[drug]]s continues to increase each year. During previous long-term clinical investigations, Hu et al., from Department of Neurosurgery and Pituitary Tumor Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, [[Guangzhou]], [[China]], found that partial resistant [[prolactinoma]]s exhibited significantly more fibrosis than did sensitive [[adenoma]]s, suggesting a role of fibrosis in their drug resistance. Furthermore, resistant adenomas with extensive fibrosis mainly express type I and type III [[collagen]]s. Since [[TGF-β1]] is the key factor in the initiation and development of tissue fibrosis, including in the [[pituitary]], in this study, they aimed to determine whether TGF-β1 mediated fibrosis in prolactinomas and whether fibrosis was related to prolactinoma drug resistance. Using [[immunochemistry]] and [[western blot]]ting, they found that the [[TGF-β1]]/[[Smad3]] [[signaling pathway]]-related proteins were elevated in resistant prolactinoma specimens with high degrees of fibrosis compared to levels in sensitive samples, suggesting that this pathway may play a role in prolactinoma fibrosis. [[In vitro]], TGF-β1 stimulation promoted collagen expression in normal [[HS27]] [[fibroblast]]s. Furthermore, the sensitivity of rat prolactinoma [[MMQ cell]]s to [[bromocriptine]] decreased when they were co-cultured with HS27 cells treated with TGF-β1. The TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling-specific inhibitor [[SB431542]] counteracted these effects, indicating that TGF-β1/Smad3-mediated fibrosis was involved in the drug-resistant mechanisms of [[prolactinoma]]s. These results indicate that [[SB431542]] may serve as a promising novel treatment for preventing fibrosis and further improving the drug resistance of [[prolactinoma]]s
((Hu B, Mao Z, Jiang X, He D, Wang Z, Wang X, Zhu Y, Wang H. Role of
[[TGF-β1]]/[[Smad3]]-mediated [[fibrosis]] in drug resistance mechanism of [[prolactinoma]].
Brain Res. 2018 Jul 26. pii: S0006-8993(18)30408-6. doi:
10.1016/j.brainres.2018.07.024. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30055965.
)).
----
In a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicentre trial, Katzenschlager et al., enrolled patients at 23 European [[hospital]]s who had been diagnosed with [[Parkinson's disease]] more than 3 years previously and had motor fluctuations not adequately controlled by medical treatment. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) with a computer-generated randomisation code, stratified by site, to receive 3-8 mg/h [[apomorphine]] or placebo saline infusion during waking hours (16 h a day [range 14-18 was acceptable]) for 12 weeks. The flow rate of the study drug and other oral medications could be adjusted during the first 4 weeks on the basis of individual efficacy and tolerability, after which patients entered an 8-week maintenance period. The primary endpoint was the absolute change in daily off time based on patient's diaries, and was assessed in the full analysis set, which was defined as all patients who received at least one dose of allocated study drug and had efficacy data available at any timepoint post-baseline. Safety was assessed in all patients who received at least one dose of apomorphine or placebo. All study participants and investigators were masked to treatment assignment. Both the 12-week double-blind phase and the 52-week open-label phase of this study are now complete; this paper reports results for the double-blind phase only. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02006121).

Between March 3, 2014, and March 1, 2016, 128 patients were screened for eligibility and 107 were randomly assigned, of whom 106 were included in the full analysis set (n=53 in both groups). Apomorphine infusion (mean final dose 4·68 mg/h [SD 1·50]) significantly reduced off time compared with placebo (-2·47 h per day [SD 3·70] in the apomorphine group vs -0·58 h per day [2·80] in the placebo group; difference -1·89 h per day, 95% CI -3·16 to -0·62; p=0·0025). Apomorphine was well tolerated without any unexpected safety signals. Six patients in the apomorphine group withdrew from the study because of treatment-related adverse events.

Apomorphine infusion results in a clinically meaningful reduction in off time in patients with Parkinson's disease with persistent motor fluctuations despite optimised oral or transdermal therapy
((Katzenschlager R, Poewe W, Rascol O, Trenkwalder C, Deuschl G, Chaudhuri KR,
Henriksen T, van Laar T, Spivey K, Vel S, Staines H, Lees A. Apomorphine
subcutaneous infusion in patients with Parkinson's disease with persistent motor 
fluctuations (TOLEDO): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised,
placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2018 Jul 25. pii: S1474-4422(18)30239-4.
doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30239-4. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30055903.
)).
----
The primary aim of a study of Ehrmann-Müller et al., from the University of [[Wuerzburg]], [[Germany]], was to assess the audiological abilities before and after [[cochlear implant]]s (CI) provision in [[children]] with [[cochlear nerve]] hypoplasia or aplasia. Additionally, they aimed to determine if audiological outcomes differed in children with aplasia from those with hypoplasia. Such data should be helpful in determining if CI provision is appropriate for such children.

This retrospective study presents 7 children who were diagnosed with [[cochlear nerve aplasia]] or hypoplasia and received a CI. The pre- and postoperative audiological performance and the hearing and speech development of the children were examined.

4 children were unilateral CI users and 3 were bilateral CI users. Hearing reactions could be detected in all children. Already at first fitting, prompt responses and reactions to songs were observed. The aided thresholds in free field in children with hypoplasia were between 30 and 60 dB. Even in children with aplasia, the results in free field with CI averaged between 30 and 70 dB. Therefore the aided thresholds in children with hypoplasia and in children with aplasia of the CN are similar. It could be demonstrated that hearing reactions improve with the long term use of the implant. Improvement in general development could be observed in all children despite the very heterogeneous conditions and the accompanying handicaps.

The results of this study support the hypothesis that children with radiologically-defined CN hypoplasia or aplasia and detectable responses to electrical or acoustical stimuli can improve their sound detection thresholds and their awareness of sound when provided with a CI
((Ehrmann-Müller D, Kühn H, Matthies C, Hagen R, Shehata-Dieler W. Outcomes
after cochlear implant provision in children with cochlear nerve hypoplasia or
aplasia. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2018 Sep;112:132-140. doi:
10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.06.038. Epub 2018 Jun 23. PubMed PMID: 30055722.
)).
----
The purpose of a retrospective study of Lesueur et al., from [[Caen]], [[France]], was to elucidate if hypofractionated [[stereotactic radiotherapy]] (HFSRT) impacts local control of [[brain metastases]] from radioresistant tumors such as melanoma and renal cancer, in comparison with [[radiosurgery]] (SRS).

Between 2012 and 2016, 193 metastases, smaller than 3 cm, from patients suffering from radioresistant primaries (melanoma and renal cancer) were treated with HFSRT or SRS. The primary outcome was local [[progression free survival]] (LPFS) at 6, 12 and 18 months. [[Overall survival]] (OS) and cerebral progression free survival (CPFS) were secondary outcomes, and were evaluated per patient. Objective response rate and [[radionecrosis]] incidence were also reported. The statistical analysis included a supplementary propensity score analysis to deal with bias induced by non-randomized data.

After a median follow-up of 7.4 months, LPFS rates at 6, 12 and 18 months for the whole population were 83, 74 and 70%, respectively. With respect to fractionation, LPFS rates at 6, 12 and 18 months were 89, 79 and 73% for the SRS group and 80, 72 and 68% for the HFSRT group. The fractionation schedule was not statistically associated with LPFS (HR = 1.39, CI95% [0.65-2.96], p = 0.38). Time from planning MRI to first irradiation session longer than 14 days was associated with a poorer local control rate. Over this time, LPFS at 12 months was reduced from 86 to 70% (p = 0.009). Radionecrosis occurred in 7.1% for HFSRT treated metastases to 9.6% to SRS treated metastases, without any difference according to fractionation (p = 0.55). The median OS was 9.6 months. Six, 12 and 18 months CPFS rates were 54, 24 and 17%, respectively.

Fractionation does not decrease LPFS. Even for small radioresistant brain metastases (< 3 cm), HFSRT, with 3 or 6 fractions, leads to an excellent local control rate of 72% at 1 year with a rate of 7.1% of radionecrosis. HFSRT is a safe and efficient alternative treatment to SRS
((Lesueur P, Lequesne J, Barraux V, Kao W, Geffrelot J, Grellard JM, Habrand JL,
Emery E, Marie B, Thariat J, Stefan D. [[Radiosurgery]] or hypofractionated
[[stereotactic radiotherapy]] for [[brain metastases]] from radioresistant primaries
([[melanoma]] and [[renal cancer]]). Radiat Oncol. 2018 Jul 28;13(1):138. doi:
10.1186/s13014-018-1083-1. PubMed PMID: 30055640.
)).
----
Zhang et al., from the Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, [[New Haven]], United States tested a chimeric virus in which the Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) [[glycoprotein]] is replaced with the [[Chikungunya]] polyprotein E3-E2-6K-E1 (VSVΔG-CHIKV). Control [[mice]] with [[brain tumor]]s survived a mean of 40 days after tumor implant. VSVΔG-CHIKV selectively infected and eliminated the [[tumor]], and extended [[survival]] substantially in all tumor-bearing mice to over 100 days. VSVΔG-CHIKV also targeted intracranial primary patient derived [[melanoma]] xenografts. [[Virus]] injected into one melanoma spread to other melanomas within the same brain with little detectable [[infection]] of normal cells. Intravenous VSVΔG-CHIKV infected tumor cells but not normal tissue. In immunocompetent mice, VSVΔG-CHIKV selectively infected mouse [[melanoma]] cells within the [[brain]]. These data suggest VSVΔG-CHIKV can target and destroy brain tumors in multiple [[animal model]]s without the neurotropism associated with the wild type VSV glycoprotein
((Zhang X, Mao G, van den Pol AN. Chikungunya-vesicular stomatitis chimeric
virus targets and eliminates brain tumors. Virology. 2018 Jul 25;522:244-259.
doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.06.018. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30055515.
)).
----
Altinoz et al., from the Neuroacademy Research Group, Department of Neurosurgery Memorial Hospital,  Department of Medical Biochemistry, Acibadem University; Department of Neurology, Kizilay Hospital, Bakirkoy, [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]]; Department of Psychiatry, [[Maastricht]] University, Holland, Netherlands.Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Neuroimmunology, Neurological Institute, McGill University, [[Montreal]] Canada, were the first to show that medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) reduces rat [[C6 glioma]] growth in vitro. Now they aimed to determine the effects of MPA on human brain cancers (particularly [[glioblastoma]]) in vitro and C6 glioma in vivo.

They evaluated the effects of MPA on: i) monolayer growth of human [[U87]] and [[U251]] glioblastoma, ii) 3D-spheroid growth and invasion of C6 rat glioma and human U251 glioma, iii) interactions with PI3-Kinase inhibitors and coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR) in modifying 3D-spheroid invasion of glioma.

MPA at low doses (3.25-13 μM) insignificantly stimulated and at high doses (above 52 μM) strongly suppressed the growth of human U87 and U251 cells in vitro. MPA also binds to glucocorticoid receptors similar to [[dexamethasone]] (Dex) and unexpectedly, PI3-Kinase inhibitors at low doses suppressed anti-invasive efficacies of MPA and Dex. MPA exerted higher invasion-inhibitory effects on CAR-expressing human glioma cells. Lastly, MPA suppressed growth of C6 glioma implanted into rat brain.

[[Progesterone]] analogues deserve to be studied in future experimental models of high grade glial brain tumors
((Altinoz MA, Nalbantoglu J, Ozpinar A, Emin Ozcan M, Del Maestro RF, Elmaci I. 
From epidemiology and neurodevelopment to antineoplasticity. Medroxyprogesterone 
reduces human glial tumor growth in vitro and C6 glioma in rat brain in vivo.
Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2018 Jul 19;173:20-30. doi:
10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.07.012. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30055402.
)).