====== 2013 ======

[[2012]]-[[2014]].
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An [[organoid]] is a miniaturized and simplified version of an [[organ]] produced [[in vitro]] in three dimensions that show realistic micro-[[anatomy]]. They are derived from one or a few [[cell]]s from a [[tissue]], embryonic stem cells, or induced [[pluripotent]] [[stem cell]]s, which can self-organize in three-dimensional [[culture]] owing to their self-renewal and [[differentiation]] capacities. The technique for growing organoids has rapidly improved since the early 2010s, and it was named by The Scientist as one of the biggest scientific advancements of [[2013]]
((Grens, Kerry (December 24, 2013). "2013's Big Advances in Science". The Scientist. Retrieved 26 December 2013.)).
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VNS Therapy or dietary therapies, such as the ketogenic diet, may help many people. Another option is responsive [[neurostimulation]]. Known as RNS® Therapy, this new seizure treatment was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in [[2013]].


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In 2013, investigators from A Randomized Trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations (AVM; [[ARUBA]]) reported that interventions to obliterate unruptured AVMs caused more morbidity and mortality than medical management
((Mohr JP, Parides MK, Stapf C, Moquete E, Moy CS, Overbey JR, Al-Shahi Salman
R, Vicaut E, Young WL, Houdart E, Cordonnier C, Stefani MA, Hartmann A, von
Kummer R, Biondi A, Berkefeld J, Klijn CJ, Harkness K, Libman R, Barreau X,
Moskowitz AJ; international ARUBA investigators. Medical management with or
without interventional therapy for unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations
(ARUBA): a multicentre, non-blinded, randomised trial. Lancet. 2014 Feb
15;383(9917):614-21. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62302-8. Epub 2013 Nov 20. PubMed
PMID: 24268105; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4119885.)).
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In 2013, the publication of the Interventional Management of Stroke (IMS III),
((Broderick JP, Palesch YY, Demchuk AM et al. . Endovascular therapy after intravenous t-PA versus t-PA alone for stroke. N Engl J Med . 2013;368(10):893-903.))
Synthesis Expansion; A Randomized Controlled Trial on Intra-Arterial Versus Intravenous Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke (SYNTHESIS Expansion),
((Ciccone A, Valvassori L, Nichelatti M et al. . Endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med . 2013;368(10):904-913.))
and Mechanical Retrieval and Recanalization of Stroke Clots Using Embolectomy
((Kidwell CS, Jahan R, Gornbein J et al. . A trial of imaging selection and endovascular treatment for ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med . 2013;368(10):914-923.)) 
trials reported no significant differences in functional outcome with endovascular therapy compared to standard therapy (ie, intravenous tissue plasminogen activator or tissue-type plasminogen activator [tPA]) alone. As a result, the 2013 American Heart Association (AHA)/American Stroke Association guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke
((Jauch EC, Saver JL, Adams HP Jr. et al. . Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke . 2013;44(3):870-947.)) 
advised that the “ability to improve patient outcomes has not yet been established” for thrombectomy devices.
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In [[2013]] the [[American Association of Neurological Surgeons]] and the [[Congress of Neurological Surgeons]] released updated management guidelines for the acute [[cervical spine injury]] and [[spinal cord injury]] SCI.
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The year 2012 was the 50th anniversary of the [[Korean Neurosurgical Society]], and in [[2013]], the 15th World Congress of Neurosurgery took place in [[Seoul]], [[Korea]]
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[[Multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumor of the cerebrum]] (MVNT) is a superficial neuronal tumor in adult that were first documented in [[2013]]
((Huse JT, Edgar M, Halliday J, Mikolaenko I, Lavi E, Rosenblum MK. Multinodular
and vacuolating neuronal tumors of the cerebrum: 10 cases of a distinctive
seizure-associated lesion. Brain Pathol. 2013 Sep;23(5):515-24. doi:
10.1111/bpa.12035. Epub 2013 Feb 1. PubMed PMID: 23324039.
)).

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Chen et al described in [[2013]] an alternate approach involving temporal horn to [[prepontine cistern]] shunting followed by [[radiosurgery]] of the offending lesion.
This 41-year-old woman with a history of [[meningiomatosis]] presented with progressive, incapacitating headache. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed growth of a right [[trigone ventricular meningioma]], causing entrapment of the right [[temporal horn]]. A [[ventricular catheter]] was placed using frame-based stereotaxy and image fusion computed tomography/MRI to connect the entrapped [[lateral ventricle]] to the [[prepontine cistern]]. The patient reported complete resolution of her symptoms after the [[procedure]].

Postoperative MRI revealed decompression of the temporal horn. The trigonal meningioma was treated with stereotactic radiosurgery. The patient remained asymptomatic at the 2-year follow-up
((Chen CC, Kasper EM, Zinn PO, Warnke PC. Management of entrapped temporal horn 
by temporal horn to prepontine cistern shunting. World Neurosurg. 2013
Feb;79(2):404.e7-10. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2011.02.025. Epub 2011 Nov 7. PubMed
PMID: 22120406.
)).

===== References =====