====== 2011 ======

[[2010]]-[[2012]]
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The approval of [[ipilimumab]]-the first in class [[immune checkpoint inhibitor]]-in [[2011]] serves as a [[landmark]] period of time in the resurgence of [[cancer immunotherapy]].
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Prenatal [[myelomeningocele]] (MMC) repair has significant advantages over postnatal repair, as was demonstrated by the Management of [[Myelomeningocele]] Study ([[MOMS]]) in [[2011]]
((Adzick NS, Thom EA, Spong CY, Brock JW 3rd, Burrows PK, Johnson MP, Howell LJ, Farrell JA, Dabrowiak ME, Sutton LN, Gupta N, Tulipan NB, D'Alton ME, Farmer DL; MOMS Investigators. A randomized trial of prenatal versus postnatal repair of myelomeningocele. N Engl J Med. 2011 Mar 17;364(11):993-1004. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1014379. Epub 2011 Feb 9. PMID: 21306277; PMCID: PMC3770179.))

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[[Pipeline]] endovascular device in [[2011]].
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Guidelines for the determination of [[brain death]] in [[infant]]s and [[child]]ren endorsed by the Society of Critical Care Medicine, The Section for Critical Care and Section of Neurology of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Critical Care Medicine
((Nakagawa TA, Ashwal S, Mathur M, et al. Guidelines for the determination of brain death in infants and children: an update of the 1987 Task Force recommendations. Crit Care Med. 2011; 39:2139–2155)).
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The Diagnostic Methods commission of the [[International League against Epilepsy]] (ILAE) released a first international consensus classification of [[Focal Cortical Dysplasia]] (FCD) in [[2011]].
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The [[2011]] American Heart Association guidelines recommend open surgery or endovascular intervention to treat symptomatic ischemic lesions affecting the anterior cerebral circulation caused by [[Common carotid artery occlusion]]
((Brott TG, Halperin JL, Abbara S, Bacharach JM, Barr JD, Bush RL, Cates CU,
Creager MA, Fowler SB, Friday G, Hertzberg VS, McIff EB, Moore WS, Panagos PD,
Riles TS, Rosenwasser RH, Taylor AJ, Jacobs AK, Smith SC Jr, Anderson JL, Adams
CD, Albert N, Buller CE, Creager MA, Ettinger SM, Guyton RA, Halperin JL, Hochman
JS, Hunt SA, Krumholz HM, Kushner FG, Lytle BW, Nishimura RA, Ohman EM, Page RL, 
Riegel B, Stevenson WG, Tarkington LG, Yancy CW. 2011
ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS guideline on the
management of patients with extracranial carotid and vertebral artery disease:
executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology
Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the 
American Stroke Association, American Association of Neuroscience Nurses,
American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American College of Radiology,
American Society of Neuroradiology, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Society of
Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography
and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of
NeuroInterventional Surgery, Society for Vascular Medicine, and Society for
Vascular Surgery. Developed in collaboration with the American Academy of
Neurology and Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. Catheter Cardiovasc 
Interv. 2013 Jan 1;81(1):E76-123. doi: 10.1002/ccd.22983. Epub 2011 Feb 3.
Review. PubMed PMID: 23281092.))
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In March [[2011]], investigators from Australia and several other countries published the results of the [[DECRA trial]] in the [[New England Journal of Medicine]]. This was a randomized trial comparing decompressive craniectomy to best medical therapy run between 2002 and 2010 to assess the optimal management of patients with medically refractory ICP following diffuse non-penetrating head injury. The study investigators found that decompressive craniectomy was associated with worse functional outcomes, as measured by a standard metric, than best medical care. There were no differences in deaths between groups
((Cooper DJ, Rosenfeld JV, Murray L, Arabi YM, Davies AR, D'Urso P, Kossmann T, 
Ponsford J, Seppelt I, Reilly P, Wolfe R; DECRA Trial Investigators; Australian
and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group. Decompressive
craniectomy in diffuse traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med. 2011 Apr
21;364(16):1493-502. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1102077. Epub 2011 Mar 25. Erratum in: N 
Engl J Med. 2011 Nov 24;365(21):2040. PubMed PMID: 21434843.
)).
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[[InTBIR]] is a collaborative effort of the European Commission (EC), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). It was set up in October [[2011]] to advance clinical [[traumatic brain injury]] (TBI) research, treatment and care.

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[[Cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin injection]] (drug approval H22025046; Jilin Sihuan Pharmaceutical Co. LTD., Jilin, People’s Republic of China) was approved by the Chinese Food and Drug Administration in 2011.