====== 2006 ======

[[2005]]-[[2007]]

The [[nasoseptal flap]], also known as the Hadad-Bassagasteguy flap (HB flap), was developed at the University of Rosario, [[Argentina]], and the University of [[Pittsburgh]] and was first described in [[2006]]
((Hadad G, Bassagasteguy L, Carrau RL, Mataza JC, Kassam A, Snyderman CH, Mintz A. A novel reconstructive technique after endoscopic expanded endonasal approaches: vascular pedicle nasoseptal flap. Laryngoscope. 2006 Oct;116(10):1882-6. doi: 10.1097/01.mlg.0000234933.37779.e4. PMID: 17003708.))
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Since [[2006]] the German federal joint committee (G-BA, Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss) has established that in line with all other pediatric hematological and oncological diseases – newly diagnosed [[Low-grade glioma]]s (LGG) patients must be treated within the current active society of pediatric oncology and hematology (Gesellschaft fuer paediatrische Onkologie und Haematologie, GPOH) trial or registry to ensure high quality standards of care and use of established referral systems
((Gnekow AK, Kandels D, Tilburg CV, Azizi AA, Opocher E, Stokland T, Driever PH,
Meeteren AYNSV, Thomale UW, Schuhmann MU, Czech T, Goodden JR, Warmuth-Metz M,
Bison B, Avula S, Kortmann RD, Timmermann B, Pietsch T, Witt O. SIOP-E-BTG and
GPOH Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Low 
Grade Glioma. Klin Padiatr. 2019 May;231(3):107-135. doi: 10.1055/a-0889-8256.
Epub 2019 May 20. PubMed PMID: 31108561.
)).
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[[Induced pluripotent stem cell]]s (also known as iPS cells or iPSCs) are a type of [[pluripotent stem cell]] that can be generated directly from adult [[cell]]s. The iPSC technology was pioneered by Shinya Yamanaka’s lab in [[Kyoto]], [[Japan]], who showed in [[2006]] that the introduction of four specific genes encoding [[transcription factor]]s could convert adult cells into pluripotent stem cells.

He was awarded the [[2012]] Nobel Prize along with Sir John Gurdon "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent."
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Since the first description of [[LLIF]] in [[2006]], the indications for LLIF have expanded and the rate of LLIF [[procedure]]s performed in the [[USA]] has increased.
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The [[International Meningioma Society]]” was formed in September [[2006]] at the Mt. Fuji Meeting hosted by [[Takeshi Kawase]] and aims at advancing the art of science of the field of clinical care and research in [[meningioma]]s and thereby promote the best possible care for patients suffering from meningiomas.

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In [[2006]] a study of Flores from the Unidade de Neurocirurgia, Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasília, Brazil most of the lesions were supraclavicular (62%). Twenty-one cases occurred due to traction (60%), 9 to gun shot wound (25%), 3 to compression (8.5%) and two perforation/laceration (5.7%). Motorcycle accidents were the cause of trauma in 54% of patients. CT myelography demonstrated root avulsion in 16 cases (76%). Partial spontaneous neurological recovery was observed in 43% of the patients. Neuropathic pain occurred in 25 (71%) cases, and the use of some oral intake drugs (as amitriptyline or carbamazepine) controlled it in 64% of times.
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The [[Charité artificial disc]] went through revisions over 6 years, resulting in the SB Charité III, and the first clinical experience was published in [[1994]] using the final version of the SB Charité III (DePuy Spine Inc, Raynham, Massachusetts)
((Griffith SL, Shelokov AP, Büttner-Janz K, LeMaire JP, Zeegers WS. A multicenter retrospective study of the clinical results of the LINK SB Charité intervertebral prosthesis. The initial European experience. Spine. 1994;19(16):1842-
1849.)).

The clinical trial in the United States for Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval began in [[2000]], and the device was cleared for use in [[2004]]. Since then, multiple other lumbar arthroplasty devices have been
developed and have become available in the United States and Europe
((Sandhu FA, Dowlati E, Garica R. Lumbar Arthroplasty: Past, Present, and
Future. Neurosurgery. 2020 Feb 1;86(2):155-169. doi: 10.1093/neuros/nyz439.
PubMed PMID: 31724719.)). 

The second generation of artificial disc design, ProDisc-L (Centinel Spine, West Chester, Pennsylvania), was granted FDA approval in [[2006]], followed by a third-generation artificial disc design, activL (Aesculap Implant Systems, Center Valley, Pennsylvania) in [[2015]].